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TH E LA W O F TO R T



        D E F IN IT IO N                               S C O P E


W r o n g fu l     W r o n g fu l           m o ra l                     le g a l
    A ct           O m is s io n            w ro n g                    w ro n g


                                                          c iv il                   c r im in a l


                    tre s p a s s         tre s p a s s             n e g lig e n c e          n u is a n c e
                   to p e rs o n           t o la n d


                                                                                     1
IN T E N T IO N A L T O R T : T R E S P A S S T O P E R S O N


                                         A S S A U LT


                                         e le m e n t s            c a n w o rd s
                                                                    c o n s t it u t e
                                                                     a s s a u lt ?
                                                                  R v W IL S O N


 m e n ta l s ta te      e ffe c t o n              c a p a b ilit y t o             b o d ily
    o f th e D              th e P                     c a rry o u t             m o v e m e n ts
T U B E R V IL L E        B LA K E                    th e th re a t                IN N E S
                                                    S TE P H E N S



                                                                                 2
IN T E N T IO N A L T O R T : T R E S P A S S T O P E R S O N


                                                                     BATTER Y


                              e le m e n ts o f b a tt e r y                                                 d iffe r e n c e b e tw e e n
                                                                                                                      a s s a u lt &
                                                                                                                        b a tte r y


m e n ta l s t a te   D 's a c t u n d e r          C o n ta c t       W ith o u t          is s u e o f              c o n ta c t           p r o te c tio n
     of D               h is c o n t r o l           CO LE          P 's c o n s e n t      consent
   SC O TT              G IB B O N S                                 T IO N G P H


                                                                                                                             3
IN T E N T IO N A L T O R T : T R E S P A S S T O L A N D


                             TR ESPASS TO LAN D
                                   A rt. 1 3 (1 ) F C
                                    S ec. 5 N LC
                               S e c . 4 4 (1 )(a ) N L C


                                e le m e n t s o f t r e p a s s
                                          t o la n d


                 m e n ta l s ta te                          in te r fe r e n c e
                   BASELY                                    G REG O RY


e n t e r in g                         r e m a in in g                                P la c in g   in t e r fe r e n c e t o a ir s p a c e
t h e la n d                          o n t h e la n d                               O b je c ts                  KELSEN
TAN W C                                   TA Y TK                                   O SM O ND




                                                                                                     4
IN T E N T IO N A L T O R T


                                                   D E F E N S E S T O IN T E N T IO N A L T O R T
                                                                      S e c. 2 6


sel f - d ef e n ce d ef e n ce   d e f e n ce con t r i b u t . n ecessi t y              m i s t a ke   i n e vi t a b l e   con sen t   d i s ci p l i n e
                    an ot h er    p rop e rt y n eg l i g en ce                                             acci d en t
                                                                                                                           5
U N IN T E N T IO N A L T O R T : N E G L IG E N C E


                                                                              N E G L IG E N C E


D u ty O f C a re                     B re a c h O f                                                               D e fe n s e s
DONOGHUE                             D u ty o f c a re


                r e a s o n a b le                       r e a s o n a b le               v o le n ti               c o n tr ib u t   m e c h a n ic a l d e fe c t/
                      m an                               fo re s e e a b le                                       n e g lig e n c e   in e v ita b le a c c id e n t




                                                                                                                             6
U N IN T E N T IO N A L T O R T : N U IS A N C E


                                                     N U IS A N C E


   P u b lic                                                 P r iv a t e
 N u is a n c e                                            N u is a n c e


p ro s e c u te d   s u b s t a n t ia l                  c o n t in u o u s         u n r e a s o n a b le
    c r im e


                                           lo c a lit y                b e n e f it if a n y       e x t r a - s e n s it iv e   te m p o ra ry /
                                                                                                                                   is o la t e d


                                                                                                                          7
T Y P E S O F L IA B IL IT Y


                                                                 V IC A R IO U S L IA B IL IT Y


                                     R a t io n a le                                                                          c la im a n t m u s t p r o v e
                                IM P E R IA L C H E M


re s p o n d e n t      m a s te r                 m a s te r              m a s te r                    o ffe n d e r                  e m p lo y e e          t o r t c o m m it t e d
   s u p e r io r    n e g le c t / fa il         b e n e fits           has deeper               is t h e e m p lo y e e              c o m m it t e d           in t h e c o u r s e
                      to c o n tro l                                       pocket                         ( s p e c ia l                       to rt            o f e m p lo y m e n t
                      e m p lo y e e                                                                 r e la t io n s h ip )         ( t o r t io u s a c t )




                                                                                                                                             8
V IC A R IO U S L IA B IL IT Y


                            W h o is e m p lo y e e /s e rv a n t?


c o n tro l te s t   in te rg ra tio n te s t     h irin g o f s e rv a n ts   h o s p ita l s ta ff
                                                         c o n tra c t                  &
                                                                               p o lic e o ffic e r


                                                                               9
T Y P E S O F L IA B IL IT Y


                                                      S T R IC T L IA B IL IT Y


              L ia b ilit y w it h o u t fa u lt        e le m e n t s o f lia b ilit y
                       RYLAND                               c la im a n t m u s t
                                                              e s t a b lis h e d


d a n g e r o u s o b je c t s              in t e n t io n a l                   escape       n o n -n a tu ra l
      H O C K TAI                              s to ra g e                      M ID W O O D    u s e o f la n d
                                               M IL E S                                        R IC K A R D S




                                                                                                10
S T R IC T L IA B IL IT Y


                                         DEFENCES


   P consent        C om m on              a c t o f th i r d    A ct of G od    P d e fa u l t
S H E IK H A M IN     b e n e fi t              p a rty          N IC H O L S
                     DUNNE                R IC K A R D S


                                                                                11

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Tort

  • 1. TH E LA W O F TO R T D E F IN IT IO N S C O P E W r o n g fu l W r o n g fu l m o ra l le g a l A ct O m is s io n w ro n g w ro n g c iv il c r im in a l tre s p a s s tre s p a s s n e g lig e n c e n u is a n c e to p e rs o n t o la n d 1
  • 2. IN T E N T IO N A L T O R T : T R E S P A S S T O P E R S O N A S S A U LT e le m e n t s c a n w o rd s c o n s t it u t e a s s a u lt ? R v W IL S O N m e n ta l s ta te e ffe c t o n c a p a b ilit y t o b o d ily o f th e D th e P c a rry o u t m o v e m e n ts T U B E R V IL L E B LA K E th e th re a t IN N E S S TE P H E N S 2
  • 3. IN T E N T IO N A L T O R T : T R E S P A S S T O P E R S O N BATTER Y e le m e n ts o f b a tt e r y d iffe r e n c e b e tw e e n a s s a u lt & b a tte r y m e n ta l s t a te D 's a c t u n d e r C o n ta c t W ith o u t is s u e o f c o n ta c t p r o te c tio n of D h is c o n t r o l CO LE P 's c o n s e n t consent SC O TT G IB B O N S T IO N G P H 3
  • 4. IN T E N T IO N A L T O R T : T R E S P A S S T O L A N D TR ESPASS TO LAN D A rt. 1 3 (1 ) F C S ec. 5 N LC S e c . 4 4 (1 )(a ) N L C e le m e n t s o f t r e p a s s t o la n d m e n ta l s ta te in te r fe r e n c e BASELY G REG O RY e n t e r in g r e m a in in g P la c in g in t e r fe r e n c e t o a ir s p a c e t h e la n d o n t h e la n d O b je c ts KELSEN TAN W C TA Y TK O SM O ND 4
  • 5. IN T E N T IO N A L T O R T D E F E N S E S T O IN T E N T IO N A L T O R T S e c. 2 6 sel f - d ef e n ce d ef e n ce d e f e n ce con t r i b u t . n ecessi t y m i s t a ke i n e vi t a b l e con sen t d i s ci p l i n e an ot h er p rop e rt y n eg l i g en ce acci d en t 5
  • 6. U N IN T E N T IO N A L T O R T : N E G L IG E N C E N E G L IG E N C E D u ty O f C a re B re a c h O f D e fe n s e s DONOGHUE D u ty o f c a re r e a s o n a b le r e a s o n a b le v o le n ti c o n tr ib u t m e c h a n ic a l d e fe c t/ m an fo re s e e a b le n e g lig e n c e in e v ita b le a c c id e n t 6
  • 7. U N IN T E N T IO N A L T O R T : N U IS A N C E N U IS A N C E P u b lic P r iv a t e N u is a n c e N u is a n c e p ro s e c u te d s u b s t a n t ia l c o n t in u o u s u n r e a s o n a b le c r im e lo c a lit y b e n e f it if a n y e x t r a - s e n s it iv e te m p o ra ry / is o la t e d 7
  • 8. T Y P E S O F L IA B IL IT Y V IC A R IO U S L IA B IL IT Y R a t io n a le c la im a n t m u s t p r o v e IM P E R IA L C H E M re s p o n d e n t m a s te r m a s te r m a s te r o ffe n d e r e m p lo y e e t o r t c o m m it t e d s u p e r io r n e g le c t / fa il b e n e fits has deeper is t h e e m p lo y e e c o m m it t e d in t h e c o u r s e to c o n tro l pocket ( s p e c ia l to rt o f e m p lo y m e n t e m p lo y e e r e la t io n s h ip ) ( t o r t io u s a c t ) 8
  • 9. V IC A R IO U S L IA B IL IT Y W h o is e m p lo y e e /s e rv a n t? c o n tro l te s t in te rg ra tio n te s t h irin g o f s e rv a n ts h o s p ita l s ta ff c o n tra c t & p o lic e o ffic e r 9
  • 10. T Y P E S O F L IA B IL IT Y S T R IC T L IA B IL IT Y L ia b ilit y w it h o u t fa u lt e le m e n t s o f lia b ilit y RYLAND c la im a n t m u s t e s t a b lis h e d d a n g e r o u s o b je c t s in t e n t io n a l escape n o n -n a tu ra l H O C K TAI s to ra g e M ID W O O D u s e o f la n d M IL E S R IC K A R D S 10
  • 11. S T R IC T L IA B IL IT Y DEFENCES P consent C om m on a c t o f th i r d A ct of G od P d e fa u l t S H E IK H A M IN b e n e fi t p a rty N IC H O L S DUNNE R IC K A R D S 11