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C Á N C E R D E V E J I G A
A L E J A N D R O B A U T I S T A J I M É N E Z
E P I D E M I O L O G Í A
I N C I D E N C I A
3 V E C E S M Á S
F R E C U E N T E E N
H O M B R E S
6 . 6 % D E T O D O S
L O S C Á N C E R E S
E N M U J E R E S ,
2 . 4 %
P R E V A L E N C I A
S E G U N D O M Á S F R E C U E N T E E N
A D U L T O S D E M E D I A N A Y E D A D
A V A N Z A D A .
T I E N E M Á S
R E C U R R E N C I A S
M O R T A L I D A D
9 ª C A U S A D E M U E R T E E N H O M B R E S Y 1 . 5 % D E
M U E R T E S E N M U J E R E S .
E D A D
E N C U A L Q U I E R
E D A D
I N C I D E N C I A
A U M E N T A
C O N F O R M E A L A
E D A D
E D A D P R O M E D I O
6 9 H O M B R E S
7 1 M U J E R E S
P R E S E N T A C I Ó
N
7 5 - 8 5 % D E L O S P A C I E N T E S C O N C A D E V E J I G A , S E
C O N F I N A A L A M U C O S A O S U B M U C O S A
F A C T O R E S D E R I E S G O
14%
9%
9%
11%
9%
21%
9%
11%
9%
E X P O S I C I Ó N
O C U P A C I O N A L
G A S E S
N I T R I T O S Y
N I T R A T O S
T A B A Q U I S M O
F E N A C E T I N A
C I S T I T I S
C R Ó N I C A
R A D I O T E R A P I A
H E R E N C I A
D I A G N Ó S T I C O
• Exploración física.
• USG.
• Urografía excretora.
• TAC.
• RM.
• Citología Urinaria.
• Cistoscopia.
• Resección endoscópica
transureteral.
• Biopsias ureterales y
prostáticas.
• RTUV para
reestadificación.
M A R C A D O R E S T U M O R A L E S
• Sensibilidad de 64 a 85% y especificidad de 71 a 95%.
• Valor Predictivo Positivo: 49 a 85% - VPN: 79 a 95%.
• Útiles en detección precoz de Ca de vejiga, evaluar
respuesta a tratamiento y recurrencia tumoral.
N M P 2 2
I N M U N O C Y T / U
C Y T +
B T A F I S H
Á C I D O
H I A L U R Ó N I C O Y
H I A L U R O N I D A S A
T E L O M E R A S A B C L A 4
A N A T O M I A P A T O L Ó G I C A
• Normal:
• 3 a 7 capas de espesor.
• Células basales, intermedias y
superficiales.
• Focalidad:
• Son únicos en su mayoría.
• Papilares multicéntricos.
P A T R O N E S D E C R E C I M I E N T O
C L A S I F I C A C I Ó N
H I S T O P A T O L Ó G I C A
C A R C I N O M A U R O T E L I A L
C Á N C E R I N S I T U
• Foco aterciopelado de
mucosa eritematosa.
• Multifocal limitado al urotelio.
• Progresan a Ca músculo
invasivo.
• Configuración plana no
papilar.
C A R C I N O M A D E C É L U L A S
T R A N S I C I O N A L E S
• 90% de Ca de vejiga.
• Pérdida de la polaridad celular.
• Maduración de células anormales desde capa basal
hasta superficial.
• Número de capas elevado con plegamientos papilares
de la mucosa.
C L A S I F I C A C I Ó N O M S 1 9 7 3
B A S A D O E N G R A D O D E A N A P L A S I A
C L A S I F I C A C I Ó N O M S 1 9 7 3
B A S A D O E N G R A D O D E A N A P L A S I A
• Tumor bien diferenciado:
• Grado 1 - llamados papilares de bajo potencial maligno.
• Tumor moderadamente diferenciado:
• Grado 2 - Llamados de bajo ó alto grado.
• Tumor poco diferenciado:
• Grado 3 - Denominados de alto grado.
G R A D O S D E M A L I G N I D A D D E C A D E
V E J I G A
G R A D U A C I Ó N D E L A O M S 1 9 7 3 -
2 0 0 3
V I G E N T E
C A R C I N O M A D E C É L U L A S
E S C A M O S A S
• 3-7% de los Ca de vejiga.
• Asociado a infección crónica por Schistosoma
haematobium.
• Consiste en islotes queratinizados que contienen
agregados denominados “Perlas escamosas”.
• Produce secreción de psoriasina.
A D E N O C A R C I N O M A
• 2% de los Ca de vejiga.
• Vesical Primario:
• Presente en base o cúpula, productor de Mucina, Lesión exofítica.
• Del uraco:
• Raro, presente fuera de la vejiga, con gran infiltración en la pared
vesical.
• Metastásico: de recto, estómago, endometrio, mama, ovario ó
prostata.
O T R O S C Á N C E R E S N O U R O T E L I A L E S
D E L A V E J I G A
O T R O S C Á N C E R E S N O U R O T E L I A L E S
D E L A V E J I G A
E V O L U C I Ó N N A T U R A L
C L A S I F I C A C I Ó N D E J E W E T T
C L A S I F I C A C I Ó N D E A S H
T N M
V E J I G
A
C Á N C E R D E V E J I G A Q U E N O I N V A D E
E L M Ú S C U L O
C L A S I F I C A C I Ó N D E N E O P L A S I A S
U R O T E L I A L E S N O I N V A S I V A S S E G Ú N L A O M S
( 2 0 0 4 )
C A R A C T E R Í S T I C A S H I S T O L Ó G I C A S D E
L A S L E S I O N E S P A P I L A R E S
U R O T E L I A L E S
C A R C I N O M A U R O T E L I A L D E A L T O Y B A J O
G R A D O S E G Ú N L A C L A S I F I C A C I Ó N V I G E N T E O Í S
E I S U P
T U M O R V E S I C A L I N F I L T R A N T E
P A T R O N E S D E I N V E S T I G A C I Ó N Y
M E T Á S T A S I S
P A T R O N E S D E I N V E S T I G A C I Ó N Y
M E T Á S T A S I S
D I S T R I B U C I Ó N D E M E T Á S T A S I S A
G A N G L I O S L I N F Á T I C O S
R E L A C I Ó N P R O N Ó S T I C A D E L N Ú M E R O
T O T A L D E G A N G L I O S E X T I R P A D O S
• Densidad ganglionar:
• 20% o menos: 43% de supervivencia.
• Mayor de 20%: 17% de supervivencia.
P R O G R E S I Ó N Y R E C U R R E N C I A
G R U P O S D E R I E S G O D E C A D E
V E J I G A
S E G U I M I E N T O
R E C O M E N D A C I O N E S P A R A T U M O R D E
R I E S G O I N T E R M E D I O
T R A T A M I E N T O
A L T E R N A T I V A S T E R A P É U T I C A S P A R A N O I N V A S I V O S
T R A T A M I E N T O
A L T E R N A T I V A S T E R A P É U T I C A S P A R A N O I N V A S I V O S
E S Q U E M A D E A D M I N I S T R A C I Ó N D E
B C G I N T R A V E S I C A L
C I S T E C T O M Í A P A R C I A L
• Tumor único en parte móvil de la vejiga.
• Tumor no asociado a CIS.
• Ausencia de lesiones multifocales previas.
• Que quede una vejiga funcional posterior a la
resección del tumor con 2 cm de margen libre.
C I S T E C T O M Í A P O R M Ú S C U L O
I N V A S I V O S
• Tumores múltiples recurrentes de alto grado.
• Tumor T1 de alto grado.
• Tumores de alto grado con CIS concomitante.
• En pacientes con fracaso de BCG.
Q U I M I O T E R A P I A I N T R A V E S I C A L
• QT inmediata.
• Iniciar después de 24hrs de la resección.
• En tumores de bajo grado.
• No usarla si se realizó un resección extensa o ante perforación vesical.
• QT inmediata.
• Iniciar de 3 a 4 semanas después de la resección.
• Máximo 2 inducciones sin respuesta completa.
• El papel de la terapia de mantenimiento es incierto.
C I S T E C T O M I A
P A C I E N T E S C A N D I D A T O S P A R A
P R E S E R V A C I Ó N D E V E J I G A
• Tumor pequeño, menor de 5cm.
• Estadio T2, en el que se puede lograr RTU completa.
• Ausencia de CIS.
• Enfermedad que invade músculo son hidronefrosis.
• Medicamento apto para recibir QT.
• Sin metástasis.
Q U I M I O T E R A P I A
• Primera línea.
• Neoadyuvante, adyuvante y metastásico
• Segunda línea:
• Metastásico.
D O S I S
Q U I M I O T E R A P I
A
P R O B A B I L I D A D D E R E C U R R E N C I A Y
P R O G R E S I Ó N
F A C T O R E S P R O N Ó S T I C O S
S E G U I M I E N T O
P A C I E N T E S C O N T U M O R E S V E S T A L E S T A T 1
S E G U I M I E N T O
P A C I E N T E S C O N T U M O R E S M Ú S C U L O I N V A S I V O Y
M E T A S T Á S I C O

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Cáncer Vesical

  • 1. C Á N C E R D E V E J I G A A L E J A N D R O B A U T I S T A J I M É N E Z
  • 2. E P I D E M I O L O G Í A I N C I D E N C I A 3 V E C E S M Á S F R E C U E N T E E N H O M B R E S 6 . 6 % D E T O D O S L O S C Á N C E R E S E N M U J E R E S , 2 . 4 % P R E V A L E N C I A S E G U N D O M Á S F R E C U E N T E E N A D U L T O S D E M E D I A N A Y E D A D A V A N Z A D A . T I E N E M Á S R E C U R R E N C I A S M O R T A L I D A D 9 ª C A U S A D E M U E R T E E N H O M B R E S Y 1 . 5 % D E M U E R T E S E N M U J E R E S . E D A D E N C U A L Q U I E R E D A D I N C I D E N C I A A U M E N T A C O N F O R M E A L A E D A D E D A D P R O M E D I O 6 9 H O M B R E S 7 1 M U J E R E S P R E S E N T A C I Ó N 7 5 - 8 5 % D E L O S P A C I E N T E S C O N C A D E V E J I G A , S E C O N F I N A A L A M U C O S A O S U B M U C O S A
  • 3. F A C T O R E S D E R I E S G O 14% 9% 9% 11% 9% 21% 9% 11% 9% E X P O S I C I Ó N O C U P A C I O N A L G A S E S N I T R I T O S Y N I T R A T O S T A B A Q U I S M O F E N A C E T I N A C I S T I T I S C R Ó N I C A R A D I O T E R A P I A H E R E N C I A
  • 4. D I A G N Ó S T I C O • Exploración física. • USG. • Urografía excretora. • TAC. • RM. • Citología Urinaria. • Cistoscopia. • Resección endoscópica transureteral. • Biopsias ureterales y prostáticas. • RTUV para reestadificación.
  • 5. M A R C A D O R E S T U M O R A L E S • Sensibilidad de 64 a 85% y especificidad de 71 a 95%. • Valor Predictivo Positivo: 49 a 85% - VPN: 79 a 95%. • Útiles en detección precoz de Ca de vejiga, evaluar respuesta a tratamiento y recurrencia tumoral. N M P 2 2 I N M U N O C Y T / U C Y T + B T A F I S H Á C I D O H I A L U R Ó N I C O Y H I A L U R O N I D A S A T E L O M E R A S A B C L A 4
  • 6.
  • 7. A N A T O M I A P A T O L Ó G I C A • Normal: • 3 a 7 capas de espesor. • Células basales, intermedias y superficiales. • Focalidad: • Son únicos en su mayoría. • Papilares multicéntricos.
  • 8. P A T R O N E S D E C R E C I M I E N T O
  • 9. C L A S I F I C A C I Ó N H I S T O P A T O L Ó G I C A
  • 10. C A R C I N O M A U R O T E L I A L C Á N C E R I N S I T U • Foco aterciopelado de mucosa eritematosa. • Multifocal limitado al urotelio. • Progresan a Ca músculo invasivo. • Configuración plana no papilar.
  • 11. C A R C I N O M A D E C É L U L A S T R A N S I C I O N A L E S • 90% de Ca de vejiga. • Pérdida de la polaridad celular. • Maduración de células anormales desde capa basal hasta superficial. • Número de capas elevado con plegamientos papilares de la mucosa.
  • 12. C L A S I F I C A C I Ó N O M S 1 9 7 3 B A S A D O E N G R A D O D E A N A P L A S I A
  • 13. C L A S I F I C A C I Ó N O M S 1 9 7 3 B A S A D O E N G R A D O D E A N A P L A S I A • Tumor bien diferenciado: • Grado 1 - llamados papilares de bajo potencial maligno. • Tumor moderadamente diferenciado: • Grado 2 - Llamados de bajo ó alto grado. • Tumor poco diferenciado: • Grado 3 - Denominados de alto grado.
  • 14. G R A D O S D E M A L I G N I D A D D E C A D E V E J I G A
  • 15. G R A D U A C I Ó N D E L A O M S 1 9 7 3 - 2 0 0 3 V I G E N T E
  • 16. C A R C I N O M A D E C É L U L A S E S C A M O S A S • 3-7% de los Ca de vejiga. • Asociado a infección crónica por Schistosoma haematobium. • Consiste en islotes queratinizados que contienen agregados denominados “Perlas escamosas”. • Produce secreción de psoriasina.
  • 17. A D E N O C A R C I N O M A • 2% de los Ca de vejiga. • Vesical Primario: • Presente en base o cúpula, productor de Mucina, Lesión exofítica. • Del uraco: • Raro, presente fuera de la vejiga, con gran infiltración en la pared vesical. • Metastásico: de recto, estómago, endometrio, mama, ovario ó prostata.
  • 18. O T R O S C Á N C E R E S N O U R O T E L I A L E S D E L A V E J I G A
  • 19. O T R O S C Á N C E R E S N O U R O T E L I A L E S D E L A V E J I G A
  • 20. E V O L U C I Ó N N A T U R A L
  • 21. C L A S I F I C A C I Ó N D E J E W E T T
  • 22. C L A S I F I C A C I Ó N D E A S H
  • 23. T N M V E J I G A
  • 24. C Á N C E R D E V E J I G A Q U E N O I N V A D E E L M Ú S C U L O
  • 25. C L A S I F I C A C I Ó N D E N E O P L A S I A S U R O T E L I A L E S N O I N V A S I V A S S E G Ú N L A O M S ( 2 0 0 4 )
  • 26. C A R A C T E R Í S T I C A S H I S T O L Ó G I C A S D E L A S L E S I O N E S P A P I L A R E S U R O T E L I A L E S
  • 27. C A R C I N O M A U R O T E L I A L D E A L T O Y B A J O G R A D O S E G Ú N L A C L A S I F I C A C I Ó N V I G E N T E O Í S E I S U P
  • 28. T U M O R V E S I C A L I N F I L T R A N T E
  • 29. P A T R O N E S D E I N V E S T I G A C I Ó N Y M E T Á S T A S I S
  • 30. P A T R O N E S D E I N V E S T I G A C I Ó N Y M E T Á S T A S I S
  • 31. D I S T R I B U C I Ó N D E M E T Á S T A S I S A G A N G L I O S L I N F Á T I C O S
  • 32. R E L A C I Ó N P R O N Ó S T I C A D E L N Ú M E R O T O T A L D E G A N G L I O S E X T I R P A D O S • Densidad ganglionar: • 20% o menos: 43% de supervivencia. • Mayor de 20%: 17% de supervivencia.
  • 33. P R O G R E S I Ó N Y R E C U R R E N C I A
  • 34. G R U P O S D E R I E S G O D E C A D E V E J I G A S E G U I M I E N T O
  • 35. R E C O M E N D A C I O N E S P A R A T U M O R D E R I E S G O I N T E R M E D I O
  • 36. T R A T A M I E N T O A L T E R N A T I V A S T E R A P É U T I C A S P A R A N O I N V A S I V O S
  • 37. T R A T A M I E N T O A L T E R N A T I V A S T E R A P É U T I C A S P A R A N O I N V A S I V O S
  • 38. E S Q U E M A D E A D M I N I S T R A C I Ó N D E B C G I N T R A V E S I C A L
  • 39. C I S T E C T O M Í A P A R C I A L • Tumor único en parte móvil de la vejiga. • Tumor no asociado a CIS. • Ausencia de lesiones multifocales previas. • Que quede una vejiga funcional posterior a la resección del tumor con 2 cm de margen libre.
  • 40. C I S T E C T O M Í A P O R M Ú S C U L O I N V A S I V O S • Tumores múltiples recurrentes de alto grado. • Tumor T1 de alto grado. • Tumores de alto grado con CIS concomitante. • En pacientes con fracaso de BCG.
  • 41. Q U I M I O T E R A P I A I N T R A V E S I C A L • QT inmediata. • Iniciar después de 24hrs de la resección. • En tumores de bajo grado. • No usarla si se realizó un resección extensa o ante perforación vesical. • QT inmediata. • Iniciar de 3 a 4 semanas después de la resección. • Máximo 2 inducciones sin respuesta completa. • El papel de la terapia de mantenimiento es incierto.
  • 42. C I S T E C T O M I A
  • 43. P A C I E N T E S C A N D I D A T O S P A R A P R E S E R V A C I Ó N D E V E J I G A • Tumor pequeño, menor de 5cm. • Estadio T2, en el que se puede lograr RTU completa. • Ausencia de CIS. • Enfermedad que invade músculo son hidronefrosis. • Medicamento apto para recibir QT. • Sin metástasis.
  • 44. Q U I M I O T E R A P I A • Primera línea. • Neoadyuvante, adyuvante y metastásico • Segunda línea: • Metastásico. D O S I S Q U I M I O T E R A P I A
  • 45. P R O B A B I L I D A D D E R E C U R R E N C I A Y P R O G R E S I Ó N
  • 46. F A C T O R E S P R O N Ó S T I C O S
  • 47. S E G U I M I E N T O P A C I E N T E S C O N T U M O R E S V E S T A L E S T A T 1
  • 48. S E G U I M I E N T O P A C I E N T E S C O N T U M O R E S M Ú S C U L O I N V A S I V O Y M E T A S T Á S I C O