2. INTRODUCTON
• The solid dosage forms are the most commonly used
dosage form because of the stability and ease of mass
production.
• “The solid dosage forms, which are solid in nature
which contain one or more drugs for therapeutic
effects and excipients like Binders, Sweeteners,
coloring agents, etc.”
Example of solid dosage form:
• Tablets, capsules, granules, sachets, powders, dry
powder inhalers, and chewable.
3. Advantages Disadvantages
More stable than other
dosage forms.
Expensive Machines.
Easy to handle.
Tough to swallow for kids
and patients in sleeping
condition.
More accurate of the
dosage form.
No preservation required.
4. • Powder are the simplest dosage forms and the basis of many
other solid dosage forms such as TABLET, CAPSULE etc.
• Powder were originally designed as a convenient mode of
administering hard vegetable drugs such as roots, bark and
woods.
• Powders are intimate mixtures
of dry, finely divided drugs
and or chemical that may be
intended for internal or
external use
(e.g. external applications
to the skin).
5. Mixing of powders:
There are five main methods of mixing powders:
1. Spatulation
2. Trituration
3. Geometric dilution
4. Sifting
5. Tumbling
6. 1. Spatulation :
• Spatulation is blending small amounts of powders by
movement of a spatula through them on a sheet of
paper or an ointment tile.
• Because homogeneous blending is not as certain as
other methods this method is not suitable for –
- Large quantities of powders or
- Powders containing potent
substances.
7. 2. Trituration
• A trituration is a mixture of one or more
finely ground powdered drugs.
• It is used both to reduce particle size & mix
powders.
8. 3. Geometric dilution
• Geometric dilution is a pharmaceutical process
that thoroughly mixes a small amount of a drug
with an appropriate amount of a diluent.
• The method used depends on the types of
substances used, such as a fluid or powder.
• Two commonly used geometric dilution
methods include trituration, which can be used
to combine powders or mix a powder into an
ointment, and the liquid aliquot method, which
involves combining fluids to create a solution.
11. 5. Tumbling
• Tumbling is a process of mixing powders by
shaking or rotating them in a closed container.
• Mixing is thorough but time
consuming.
• Mostly used in
industry.
12. Packing of Powders:
• Powders may be wrapped in paper or
dispensed in bulk powder in a wide mouth
container.
• Wrapping of powders:-White glazed paper is
generally used for wrapping. The wrapping
should be done on a clean tile or large sheet of
a glazed paper to protect the product.
13.
14. 1. Bulk powder for internal use.
2. Bulk powders for external use.
3. Simple and compound powders for
internal use
4. Powders enclosed in catchets and
capsules
5. Compressed powders (tablets)
15. 1. Bulk powder for internal use
• Powders are dispensed in bulk, when accuracy of
dosage is not important. Bulk powder contains
several doses of powder. They are supplied in wide
mouthed containers that permits easy removal of a
spoonful of powder. The non potent substances which
are supplied in bulk are antacids and laxatives etc.
16. 2. Bulk powders for external use
• Bulk powders meant for external use are non
potent substances. These powders are supplied in
cardboard, glass or plastic containers, which are
often designed for the specific method of
application. The dusting powders are preferably
supplied in perforated or sifter top containers.
• The container should
bear a label indicating
that the powder is
meant for external
application.
17. • The bulk powders which are commonly used for external
application are as follows:
a) Dusting powders
b) Insufflations
c) Snuffs
d) Dentifrices
• Dusting powders: These are meant for the external
application to the skin and are generally applied in a very
fine state of subdivision to avoid local irritation. Hence,
dusting powders should be passed through seive no. 80 to
enhance their effectiveness.
• Dusting powders are of 2 types:
Medical
Surgical
18. • Medical dusting powders are used for superficial skin conditions,
whereas surgical dusting powder are used in body cavities and also
on major wounds as a result of burns and umbilical cords of
infants.
• Medical & Surgical dusting powders before use must be sterilized
by dry heat method at 1600 C for 2 hrs.
• In the preparation of dusting powder the talc or kaolin, starch are
used commonly because these are chemically inert.
• But, such ingredients are readily contaminated with pathogenic
bacteria so, these must be sterilised before their use by dry heat
sterilisation method.
• The dusting powders are dispensed in sifter or aerosol containers.
• Dusting powders are generally non- toxic but inhalation of its fine
powdered ingredients by infants may lead to pulmonary
inflammation. So proper care should be taken while handling.
• Use : Antiseptic, Astringent, Absorbent, Antiperspirant
19. • Insufflations: These are medicated dusting powder
meant for introduction into body cavities such as,
nose, throat, ears & vagina with the help of an
apparatus “Insufflator”.
Nowadays, the insufflations are available in the
form of pressure aerosols & these aerosols used for
potent drugs.
Insufflations are used to produce a local effect in
the treatment of ear, nose, throat infection with
antibiotics or to produce a
systemic effect from a drug
that is destroyed in the gut.
20. • Snuffs: These are finely divided solid dosage form of
medicament which are inhaled into nostrils for antiseptic,
bronchodilator & decongestion action.
Snuffs are dispensed in flat metal boxes or glass container
with hinged lid.
• Dentifrices (tooth powders): These are applied on tooth
surface with help of brush. They contains suitable detergent
or soap, some abrasive substance & suitable flavoring
agents are involved.
Abrasive agents such as
calcium sulphate, calcium carbonate,
sodium carbonate & sodium chloride
are use in fine powder.
21. 3. Simple and compound powders for internal use
• In this form of powder, each individual dose is enclosed
in paper.
• The number of ingredient is one i.e. simple powder
while more than one i.e. compound powder.
• The minimum qty of each powder should not be less
then 100 mg for it can be handled conveniently by
patient & can be weighed accurately.
Simple powder: In simple powder contains only one
ingredient either in crystalline form or amorphous form.
If powder present in crystalline form then it is reduced
to fine powder, weighed the powder & divided into
number of doses & wrapped as individual dose.
22. • Compound powders: contains two or more than two substances
which are mixed together. Then divided into desired number of
individual doses which are dispensed into each powder paper.
4. Powders Enclosed in cachets
• Cachets are solid dosage form of drug & cachets are also called as
wafer capsules.
• These are moulded from rice paper, which is made by pouring a
mixture of rice flour and water between two hot, polishes, revolving
cylinders. The water evaporates and a sheet of wafer is formed.
• They are quite hard to swallow as
such but they are softened by
dipping in water for a few seconds
and then placed on the tongue and
swallowed with a draught of water
After swallowing cachet gets
disintegrate and drug is released.
23. 5. Compressed tablets or tablet triturates or
moulded tablets
• These are powders moulded into tablets.
• They are flat, circular disc & usually contains potent drug
which is mixed with lactose, dextrose or some other
diluents.
• The apparatus is made up of stainless steel or plastic. It
consist of upper & lower perforated plates which is having
an exactly the same number of holes as that of number of
pegs in a lower plate.
• The lower plate also have two large pegs which ensure
correct fitting of the plates.
• The moulds are available in several sizes having a capacity
ranging from 30 to 250 mg.
• Generally 50 to 250 tablet triturates can be prepared at a
time from a tablet triturate mould.
24. • The powder with diluents are mixed together & made a
stiff paste with the help of alcohol 60%.
• Then, paste is introduced on upper plate with the help of
spatula & fill all the holes & removes excess.
• This plate is placed over the lower plate. Then little
pressure is applied over the top plate which will force the
plate move downward, leaving the mould tablet on the
projected pegs.
• Then, prepared tablets dried in hot air oven or by keeping
in warm place.
25. Dispensing of powders involving special
problems
• Dispensing of powders involving special problems/
problems encountered in powder formulation.
• A number of problems arise while dispensing a
powder containing volatile substances, hygroscopic
and deliquescent powders, eutectic mixtures,
efflorescent powders, liquids, explosive substance
and potent drugs.
• So special consideration are done while dispensing
such powders.
26. • Volatile substances certain vegetable powders contain
volatile oils.
• To prevent the loss of volatile oils, these vegetable
drugs must be powdered lightly in a mortar.
• Similarly the volatilization of substances like
menthol, camphor and essential oils may take place
on incorporation in powders.
• This is prevented or at least minimized by the use of
double wrapping. The inner wrapper should be of
wax paper and outer wrapper may be of any thick
paper.
27. Hygroscopic powders and deliquescent powder
• The powders which absorb moisture from the
atmosphere are called hygroscopic powders.
• Examples of such substances include
ammonium citrate, pepsin, phenobarbitone,
sodium bromide, sodium iodide etc.
• Such substances are usually supplied in
granular from in order to expose less surface
area to the atmosphere.
28. Efflorescent powders
• Some crystalline substances liberate water of
crystallization wholly or partly on exposure to
humid atmosphere or during trituration and thus
become wet or liquefy.
• Example of such substances include caffeine,
citric acid, ferrous sulphate etc.
• The difficulty may be overcome by using
corresponding anhydrous salt or an inert
substance may be mixed with efflorescent
substance before incorporating with other
ingredients
29. Eutectic mixtures:
• These substances can be dispensed by two
methods
1. Dispense as separate set of powders with
2. directions that one of each kind shall be taken
as a dose An equal amount of any of inert
absorbent like magnesium carbonate, light
magnesium oxide kaolin starch may be mixed
with eutectic substance then blended together
lightly with a spatula on a sheet of paper.
30. • Weighing is one of the most important step
which is needed in almost all types of
pharmaceutical operations.
• A dispensing balance consist of simple right
but rigid, equal armed horizontal beam with
central & terminal knief edges of steel which
work in agate or steel bearing.
• Two pans are suspended from the terminal
knief edges.
31. • One of pans which is made of glass is used for
placing the material for weighing.
• The other pan is made of metal & is used for
keeping the weights on it.
