Physiologists usually need to test their scientific theories by performing experiments on living matter and, ultimately, on living organisms—animals or humans. This issue confronts the physiologist with ethical dilemmas: Can we perform physiological experiments while facing the possibly of harming living beings, or should we reject such studies, and thus preventing the good that can be derived from scientific progress?

1. Anatomy of the Limbs and the
Back- Lab 2
Rena Taher
Bachelor’s Degree in Laboratory
Medicine: An-Najah National
University/Palestine
Master’s Degree in Human Anatomy:
University of Edinburgh/United Kingdom
raltaher@najah.edu
Rena Taher

2. Lab Overview
• Introduction:
This lab discusses the major muscles of the shoulder, describes the structures that are found in the
posterior scapular region and its associated spaces, and illustrates the axilla and describes its
boundaries.
• Learning Outcomes:
After studying this lecture, you should be able to:
1. List and describe the shoulder muscles.
2. Identify and locate the origins and insertions of the shoulder muscles and link them to their
actions.
3. Describe the location of the posterior scapular region and identify the structures that are found in
that region.
4. Identify the spaces in the posterior scapular region and the posterior arm and list the structures
that pass through them.
5. Describe the inlet, floor, and walls of the axilla and identify the structures that are associated with
them.
6. Identify and locate the origins and insertions of the muscles forming the axillary walls and link
them to their actions.
7. Identify and locate the axillary folds, axillary fossa, and the previously mentioned muscles on a
real body (surface anatomy) as well as on real cadaveric dissections.
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3. Muscles of the shoulder
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4. Muscles of the shoulder: bony attachments
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5. Muscles of the shoulder
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6. Posterior scapular region
Posterior views
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7. Posterior scapular region
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8. The axilla
v The axilla is the gateway to the
upper limb, providing an area of
transition between the neck and
the arm.
v The axilla has an inlet, base, and
four walls.
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9. The axilla
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10. The axilla: anterior & medial walls
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11. Clavipectoral fascia: anterior wall of the axilla
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12. The axilla: lateral wall & floor
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13. Surface Anatomy: Pectoral and Scapular Regions
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14. The axilla: anterior & medial
walls
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