Physiologists usually need to test their scientific theories by performing experiments on living matter and, ultimately, on living organisms—animals or humans. This issue confronts the physiologist with ethical dilemmas: Can we perform physiological experiments while facing the possibly of harming living beings, or should we reject such studies, and thus preventing the good that can be derived from scientific progress?
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Lab 4.pdf
1. Anatomy of the Limbs and the
Back- Lab 4
Rena Taher
Bachelor’s Degree in Laboratory
Medicine: An-Najah National
University/Palestine
Master’s Degree in Human Anatomy:
University of Edinburgh/United Kingdom
raltaher@najah.edu
Rena Taher
2. Lab Overview
• Introduction:
The arm is the part of the upper extremity located between the shoulder and elbow joints. In this lab, students
will be introduced to the major bones, joints, muscles, blood vessels, and nerves of the arm. The lab will also
provide students with a thorough knowledge of how to identify the main muscles and neurovascular structures of
the arm on a transverse section as well as on real photos.
• Learning Outcomes:
After studying this lecture, you should be able to:
1. State the main bones, muscles, blood vessels, and nerves of the arm.
2. Describe the main bony landmarks of the humerus, radius, and ulna bones, and list the muscles and/or
neurovascular structures associated with them.
3. Identify the bones and ligaments that are involved in both the elbow and the proximal radio-ulnar joints and
describe the movements permitted by these joints.
4. Describe and identify the attachments and innervation of each muscle of the arm and relate its functions to its
attachments.
5. Define the origin, course, and termination of the brachial artery, list its main branches, and describe its
relationship to other nerves in the arm.
6. State and identify the main veins of the arm.
7. Recall the main nerves of the arm and list their branches in the arm (if found).
8. Discuss cross-sections of the arm.
9. Identify and locate muscles of the arm on a real body (surface anatomy).
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5. Muscles of the arm
v The anterior (flexor) compartment contains
three flexors (biceps brachii, brachialis, and
coracobrachialis) and are supplied by the
musculocutaneous nerve.
v The posterior compartment contains one
extensor muscle (triceps brachii) and is supplied
by the radial nerve.
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6. Muscles of the arm
Coracobrachialis
Biceps
brachii
Brachialis
Triceps
brachii
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12. Cubital fossa
v The cubital fossa is the shallow triangular depression on the anterior surface of
the elbow.
Boundaries Floor & contents Roof
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14. The forearm
v The forearm is the part of the upper limb that
extends between the elbow joint and the wrist
joint.
v Bones of the forearm: the radius and ulna,
which are joined by an interosseous membrane.
v Muscles of the forearm:
Ø The flexors and pronators of the forearm are in
the anterior compartment and are served
mainly by the median nerve (exceptions are FCU
& medial part of FDP) .
Ø The extensors and supinators of the forearm
are in the posterior compartment and are all
innervated by the radial nerve.
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15. Bones of the forearm: radius &
ulna
Anterior view
Posterior view
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