3. Background description
In the past decades most of the poultry rations were
based on locally produced cereal grains.
When birds were reared on commercial scale, they were
confined to indoors and thus the need for feeding
formulated ration was felt.
4. Continue
Formulated feed including all the essential nutrients
needed for normal growth and production of birds is
called “complete feed”.
Further, with the passage of time, different feeding
systems were introduced in the poultry industry to save
the cost of feeding.
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10. Different feeding systems for poultry
Ad.libitum feeding
Controlled feeding
Forced feeding
Restricted feeding
Phase feeding
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2
a
b
3
11. 1. Ad.libitum feeding
This system is also called free choice feeding.
In this system, feed is always available and the bird can
eat on its own will.
Ad.libitum feeding is practiced in broiler chicken where
maximum body weight is the ultimate goal for rearing
the birds.
12. 1. Ad.libitum feeding
Ad.libitum feeding is easy to manage.
Feed can be supplied for several days at a time and
needs no monitoring or supervision of the bird's daily
intake.
Due to the higher cost of feed, ad.libitum feeding system
is not of much interest nowadays.
16. 2. Controlled feeding
It is attempted for a short period in first week when
chicks do not learn or try to pick up their feed.
Forced feeding may be employed in other species if feed
and water are denied for more than 36 hours to prevent
body dehydration.
a. Forced feeding
17. a. Forced feeding
Mash water mixture, sweetened milk, skim milk
etc. should be fed.
A 25 ml syringe or a laboratory pipette fitted with
a rubber catheter or smooth tube may be
employed to force the slurry down the gullet.
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22. 2. Controlled feeding
Restricted feeding means reduction of nutrient intake
below minimum requirement of birds.
Restricted feeding may be practiced by:
Skip-a-day feeding
Reducing the quantity of offered feed
Diluting the conventional feed with fibrous material (low nutrients)
b. Restricted feeding
23. b. Restricted feeding
• Feed is provided on the first day at 85-90% level
of the 2 days ration.
• On the 2nd day birds are not given any feed and
some whole grain may be spread on litter.
i. Skip-a-day feeding: (Limited access)
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26. b. Restricted feeding
• In this feeding system, daily feed supply to the
birds is reduced than their actual requirement.
• Lower amount of feed is given per day to the
birds.
ii. Limited everyday feeding
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29. b. Restricted feeding
This approach includes the restriction of nutrients
intake by diluting the nutrient density of ration.
It can be done either reducing the energy or
protein intake.
iii. Varying nutrient density
30. 3. Phase feeding
Phase feeding refers to change in the protein level of
laying diet during normal production cycle.
Such feeding changes are designed to regulate the intake
of dietary protein to meet more closely the hen’s
requirement at various stages of egg production.
It reduces feed cost and also to helps in maintaining the
egg size.
31. 3. Phase feeding
The level of protein in layer ration may be
reduced to 17, 16, 15% on 90, 75 and 65% of egg
production, respectively, keeping the feed intake
at 100 g level per day per bird.
32. • Production cycle is divided into three stages
(popularly called phases):
*Phase-I
*Phase-II
*Phase-III
33. Phase-I
This phase starts from the age of 22 weeks to 42
weeks.
The birds are expected to reach from zero to
peak egg production of 85%.
Body weight is increased by 500g and egg size
reaches to 60g from 40g.
34. Phase-I
Thus energy and protein content of poultry rations
should critically be adjusted keeping in view flock egg
production during this phase.
35. Phase-II
It is the period from 42 weeks to 62 weeks of age.
Hens attain mature body weight and egg production
has not gone below 60% level.
The eggs produced are larger and efficiency of
protein utilization is approximately 56% during this
phase.
36. Phase-III
It ranges from 62 to 76 weeks of age or till the spent out
birds are discarded.
During this phase egg production is less than 60%.
Phase feeding can be applied for energy restriction.
The energy requirement for laying hens varies from 310
kcal ME/day in severe winter to 265 kcal in summer.
