Seabed 2030 project and different Bathymetric methods adopted to measure seabed .India's deep ocean exploration project.

1. The Nippon Foundation – GEBCO
SEABED 2030
ABDUL SALEEM K
OET -2021-31-01
M.Tech in Coastal & Harbour Engineering.
KUFOS ,Kochi

2. Seabed 2030 Mission
Supported by:-
United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14: to conserve and sustainably use the world’s oceans, seas
and marine resources.
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commision(IOC)
General Bathymetric Chart of the Ocean( GEBCO)
IHO : International Hydrographic Organization.
The Nippon Foundation:- They spend 18.5 Million US Dollar for the Project.
Main attraction of the Project
•Bring together all available bathymetric data to produce the definitive map of the world ocean floor.
•Make it availalabe to all.
100% of the Ocean Floor Mapped by 2030

3. GEBCO ?
GEBCO
It operates under the joint auspices of the International
Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and the Intergovernmental
Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO.
GEBCO Products
• Global gridded bathymetric data
• GEBCO 2014: 30 arc-second grid
• GEBCO 2019 15 arc-second grid
• Gazetteer of Undersea Feature Names
• Digital Atlas
• Grid viewing software
• Printable maps
• Web Map Service (WMS)

4. WORLD OCEAN &
MAPPING
• 71 % of earth.
• 362 Million square kilometer surface area.
• 2.5 Trilion US Dollar economy.
• 31 Million Jobs.
• Initial stage only 6% mapped.
• Now 18% of total ocean mapped.
• Bathymetric Map :- Map illustrate the land that lies under water,also
called as Bathymetric chart.

5. Fig:- a,b,c Shows Typical bathymetric map of antartic region

6. HOW MUCH SEABED MAPPED?

7. Why seabed Mapping ?
Scientific and academic research
• Geosciences (structural studies-Under standing of plate tectonics;
structural integridity and potential failure sites, sediment modelling,
mineral resource mapping, geomorphology)
• Physical Sciences (ocean circulation models, wave, tides and current )
• Life Sciences (habitats, large marine ecosystems and ocean observing
systems)
Geohazard modelling and mitigation
• Tsunami-propagation and storm surge models.

8. How it helps?
Environmental Stewardship and Sustainable Resource Management
• The support of spatial planning, management and decision-making
for all maritime sectors on national, regional and local levels
• The design and support of marine protected areas
• Resource assessment for economic and environmental management
purposes for a number of important sectors, including transport,
fisheries resource management, aquaculture, petroleum and mineral
exploration and exploitation, renewable energy resources as well as
infrastructural support

9. Tsunami 2004

10. HOW THE SEABED?
Fig :-Typical Pacific Ocean Seabed.

11. HOW MUCH THE SEA DFEPTH?
Depth Range % of ocean
0–1500 m 13.7 %
1500–3000 m 11 %
3000–5750 m 72.6 %
5750–11,000 m 2.7 %

12. HOW DO WE MAP?
• First measuring practice was “Plumb line”
Ancient Egyptians were used this
techniques
 In 1870s HMS Challanger (first global
marine research expedition) also use this
techniques
Upto to the begining of 20th centuries

13. Echo Sounder
After the accident of Titanic
and WW1 New technologies
were introduced.
In 1913 German inventor
Alexander Behm Invent Echo
sounding.
This time mark as echo
sounding era.
Fig :- Echo sounder

14. Single Beam Echo-Sounders (SBES)
SBESs are configured with
piezoelectric crystal- or ceramic-
based transducers that can generate
and receive acoustic signals.
Fig :- Single Beam Echo Sounder. Fig :-Flow chart of working of SBES

15. Multi Beam Echo Sounder
Fig :- Working of Multibeam Echo sounder.

17. Multi Beam Echo Sounder
• https://youtu.be/Y-7SsvRsoHA

19. https://youtu.be/qT-2Cq2MKig

21. Calculated foot prints of ensonified seafloor area at
different water depths for single-beam
(SB) and multibeam (MB) echo-sounders with various beam
widths.
a)Foot print of SB
b)Foot print of MB

22. MODERN SONAR SYSTEM

23. https://youtu.be/53LevaS62xI

24. LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)
Fig :-LIDAR Operation on Shallow Water. Fig :- Basic LIDAR Operation.

25. Fig :-LIDAR OPERATION AND AND ITS CHART PLOTING.

26. Fig :- Comparison between LIDAR Operation and MBES

27. Satelite-Derived Bathymetry (SDB)
•SDB from multispectral satellite imagery, developed in the
1970s
•collect data in multiple spectral bands, spanning the visible
through infrared portions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
•Water depth estimations are based on the attenuation
of radiance as a function of depth and wavelength in the
water column
Fig :- Satelite-Derived Bathymetry (SDB)

29. Satellite Altimetry
Fig:- Satellite Altimetry working.

30. •The first altimetric satellites were launched
in the 1970s.
•Altimeters do not directly measure deep
ocean depth, but the height of the ocean’s
surface, which is affected, among other
things, by the gravitational effects of
topographic features on the seafloor.
•satellite-altimetry derived digital terrain
model (DTM).
•Lower horizontal resolution.
•horizontal scales as small as 6–9 km can be
achieved under ideal conditions.
•Gravity model topography map
(Bathymetry map) under continues
updation.
Fig :-Gravity deviation on the sea surface.

31. Autonomous Systems
1. Autonomous surface vehicles (ASV)
Fig :- Autonomous multibeam sonar barge would be controlled and transmit data through telepresence and could become
platform for many oceanographic and atmospheric measurements and maintain long-endurance at sea with relatively little
cost.

32. 2. Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV)

34. Data Source?

35. Example of the spatial extent of known existing embargoed Industry data (source: Fugro) within the Atlantic/Indian Region.

36. Fig :-Data assembled by the Atlantic/Indian RDACC that was included in the GEBCO 2019 Product.

37. Figure :Global extent of curated multibeam sonar data included in GMRT v3.6. Data have been reviewed, processed and
gridded at 100 m. Combined with gridded data sets at a variety of resolutions and complemented by the GEBCO basemap.

38. Data Sources
Grid cell type (30 arc-second) GEBCO_2014 New grid
Interpolation guided by satellite-derived gravity data 66.5% 62.4%
Interpolation guided by computer programme, e.g. GMT 14% 14.3%
Multibeam 9% 12.4%
Single beam 1.9% 1.8%
Pre-generated grid 2.7% 4.3%
Unidentified track type 3.9% 2.8%
Isolated soundings, e.g. ENC soundings 0.1% 0.1%
Contours 1.9% 1.9%
Break down of the source of data types that the GEBCO grid is based on

39. The GEBCO global terrain model grid
What does “100% mapped” mean?
 ship-track soundings + interpolation guided by
satellite-derived gravity data
 Includes regional grids which may be based on
different interpolation models
18% of 30” cells have depth measurements
6% of 15” cells have depth measurements
Real depth measurements
Interpolated depth values
Depth values derived from statistics of real depth values.

40. Depth Range Resolution
% of
ocean
0–1500 m 100 × 100 m 13.7
1500–3000 m 200 × 200 m 11
3000–5750 m 400 × 400 m 72.6
5750–11,000 m 800 × 800 m 2.7
Target Grid Variable Resolution
Target GEBCO Grid
Depth-dependent Variable Resolution

41. Figure :- SEABED 2030 DATA COLLECTION ,ANALYSIS AND PUBLICATION
Regional Data Assembly and Coordination
Centers (RDACC)
•The North Pacific and Arctic Oceans Center,
based at the University of Stockholm, Sweden
and University of New Hampshire, USA
• The South and West Pacific Oceans Center
based at the National Institute of Water and
Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington,
New Zealand
• The Atlantic and Indian Oceans Center
(Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades,
NY, USA)
• The Southern Ocean Center (Alfred Wegner
Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany)

42. WHERE WE CAN ACCES DATA?
https://www.gebco.net/data_and_products/gridded_bathymetry_data/

43. GEBCO Seabed2030 Bathymetric Chart
WMS: https://ows.emodnet-bathymetry.eu/wms
WMS: https://ows.emodnet-bathymetry.eu/wms
WFS: https://ows.emodnet-bathymetry.eu/wfs
WCS: https://ows.emodnet-bathymetry.eu/

44. India launch deep
ocean mission
• Operating under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Indian Space Research
Organisation (ISRO), Defence Development and Research Organisation (DRDO),
Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR), Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and the Indian Navy.
• first phase of three years (2021-2024)
• The Deep Ocean Mission was in 2019 envisaged as a ₹8,000 crore mission
• Studies are planned at depths close to 6,000 metres.
GOALS OF THE MISSION
MAIN 6 GOALS
• A manned submersible will be developed to carry three people to a depth of
6,000 metres in the ocean with a suite of scientific sensors and tools.
• Developed for mining polymetallic nodules.

45. • searching for deep sea flora and fauna, including microbes, and
studying ways to sustainably utilise them.
• identify potential sources of hydrothermal minerals
• studying and preparing detailed engineering design for offshore
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) powered desalination
plants.
• aimed at grooming experts in the field of ocean biology and
engineering. This component aims to translate research into industrial
applications and product development through on-site business
incubator facilities.