1. A. MODALS ( SEMI-MODALS)
Look at the Grammar from yourStudent’sbookandWorkbook.
1- Theyare Auxiliaryverbs. Theyare placedbefore the Mainverbwhichcomesafterthemwithan
infinitive withoutTOform.(ISHOULD STUDY more)
2- Theyexpressmodality:ability,requests, obligation,advice,possibility …
3- Theycannot be conjugated(past,future,presenttenses).Theycannothave -s/es(3rd
person).They
do nothave Non personal verbal forms(infinitive,gerund,participle forms).
4- Negative formsare: modal + not + mainverbwithoutTO. I cannot come to the party.
5- MODALS and SEMI MODALS are:
OUGHT TO CAN COULD WOULD SHOULD HAVETO
MUST MAY NEEDN’T MUSTN’T SHALL BE ABLE TO MIGHT
6- In your Student’sbookMODALSare explainedbytheirUSES(Functions).Eg:expressingrequests,
Givingadvice…
7- In yourWorkbookGrammar bank,MODALS are explainedbytheirFORM.Eg: SHOULD and its
uses/functions;CAN anditsuses/functions,etc
8- Whenyouwant to expressafunction/useof aMODAL verbina differenttense,youmust
sometimes use adifferentform (Modal verb). Eg: I CAN Playthe pianoverywell (Present Tense);I
COULD play the pianoverywell whenIwas5 (Pasttense);IWILL BE ABLE TO playthe pianowell
whenI finishmylessons(Future tense).
Uses/Functions: necessity ( have to,must) permission ( Can,could,may),polite request ( could,would) ,
advice ( should,oughtto); ability ( can, to be able to),prohibition;¡( mustn’t) lackof necessity ( needn’t
, don’thave to), suggestion ( shall), refusal ( wouldn’t) certainty ( must) future possibility ( might,may),
impossibility ( can’t)
(Accordingtoyour student’sbook)
B. MODAL PERFECT. Theyare usedto talkaboutthe Past.
2. Structure:Modal + PresentPerfect( have + past participle)
USES:
Advice: Should/oughtto have + Past Part.
Lack of necessity:needn’thave +Past Part.
Guessing:might/may/couldhave + Past Part.
Certaintyithappened: musthave +Past Part.
Certaintyitdidnot happen:Can’thave + Past part.
Willingnesstodosomethingbutdidnot:wouldhave +Past Part.
Had the opportunitybutdidnotdo it: couldhave + Past part.
C. PASSIVESTRUCTURE
1. Active withaModal verb:
a. Maria shouldgive the presenttohermother( Active)
b. The Presentshould be giventohermother ( Passive)
2. Active withamodal perfect:
a. Theycouldhave boughta nice souvenir.( Active)
b. A nice souvenircouldhave been bought. ( Passive)
