basic for students

1. IMMUNITY

2. OBJECTIVES
• Definition
• Classification
• Innate Immunity: Factors and types
• Acquired Immunity: Types
• Difference
• Measurement
• Local Immunity
• Herd Immunity

3. DEFINITION
• Immunity refers to the resistance exhibited by
the host towards injury caused by
microorganisms and their products (toxin).

4. CLASSIFICATION
INNATE IMMUNITY
(Present Since Birth)
AQUIRED IMMUNITY
(After Birth Specific immunity to a
Particular Pathogens)
ACTIVE IMMUNITY PASSIVE IMMUNITY
NATURAL
ARTIFICIAL NATURAL ARTIFICIAL

5. INNATE IMMUNITY
• Innate immunity is the resistance to infections
which an individual possesses by virtue of his
genetic or constitutional make up.
• Species Immunity
• Racial Immunity
• Individual Immunity

6. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE
LEVEL OF IMMUNITY
• Age
• Hormonal Influences
• Nutrition

7. Age

8. Hypothyroidism

9. Malnutrition

10. Mechanisms of innate immunity
 Mechanical Barriers and Surface Secretions
Skin
Mouth or Oral Cavity
Gastrointestinal Tract
Upper Respiratory Tract
Genitourinary Tract
Conjunctiva
 Antibacterial Substances in Blood and Tissues
 Cellular Factors : Phagocytosis, Macrophages
 Inflammation
 Fever
 Acute Phase Proteins

16. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
“RESISTANCE ACQUIRED BY AN INDIVIDUAL
DURING LIFE”
1. ACTIVE IMMUNITY
2. PASSIVE IMMUNITY

17. AQUIRED IMMUNITY
(After Birth Specific immunity to a
Particular Pathogens)
ACTIVE IMMUNITY PASSIVE IMMUNITY
NATURAL ARTIFICIAL NATURAL ARTIFICIAL

18. Comparison of active and passive immunityACTIVE IMMUNITY PASSIVE IMMUNITY
Produced actively by host’s immune
system
Received passively.
Induced by infection or by
immunogens
Readymade antibody transferred
Durable effective protection Transient, less effective
Immunity effective only after lag
period
Immediate immunity
Immunological memory present No memory
Not applicable in the immunodeficient Applicable in immunodeficient

19. MEASUREMENT OF IMMUNITY
• Demonstration of the Specific Antibody
• In Vitro or In Vivo Methods

20. LOCAL IMMUNITY:
• It is conferred by secretory immunoglobulin A
(secretory IgA ) produced locally by plasma
cells present on mucosal surfaces or in
secretory glands.
• poliomyelitis immunization , influenza
immunization etc.

21. HERD IMMUNITY:
• Herd immunity is the level of resistance of a
community or a group of people to a particular
disease.
• Low and high level