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1. Analysis on the Editorial Section
Ayesha Siddiquie
2K20/DMBA/027
1. SC to pass interim orders in Pegasus Case (The Hindu Newspaper)
News published on 14 September 2021.
Facts provided in the article
 The Supreme Court on Monday decided to pass interim ordersafter the government refused
to respond, through a “detailed” affidavit, to allegations that is used Israeli based Pegasus
software to spy on citizens.
 The Chief Justice of India (CJI) said that the court had given the government a fair
opportunity to file a detailed affidavit in order to get a clear idea of its stand in the Pegasus
case.
 The Solicitor General (Mr. Tushar Mehta) for the government urged the court to form a
committee of “do main experts” who would look into the allegations of snooping
orchestrated against citizens, including journalists, activists, Ministers, and
parliamentarians, among others.
Analysis
About Pegasus
 It is a type of malicious software or malware classified as a spyware.
 It is designed to gain access to devices, without the knowledge of users, and gather personal
information and relay it back to whoever it is that is using the software to spy.
 Pegasus has been developed by the Israeli firm NSO Group that was set up in 2010.
 It was so advanced once that even a WhatsApp missed call can transfer this malware to a
device, so was also known as “zero-click” attacks, which do not require any interaction
from the phone owners in order to succeed.
Recent steps taken in India
 Cyber Surakshit Bharat Initiative was launched in 2018 to spread awareness about
cybercrime and building capacity for safety measures
 National Cyber security Coordination Centre (NCCC) was developed in 2017 to scan
internet traffic and communication metadata.
 Cyber Swachhta Kendra is a platform introduced in 2017 for internet users to clean their
computers and devices by wiping out viruses and malwares.

2. Suggestions
 The number of Skilled Professionals should be increased and trained
 Outdated laws and acts should be withdrawn and new well-equipped policies should be
introduced.
 Enhancing awareness through campaigns for cyber threats.
 Investment in R&D to improve cyber security.
2. HC seeks status report on protection of witnesses in Tihar custodial death
case (The TOI newspaper)
News published on 14 September 2021.
Facts Provided in the article
 The Delhi High Court on Monday called for a status report from the prison authority on
the steps taken to ensure safety and security of witnesses in the alleged murder of gangster
Ankit Gujjar inside Tihar jail.
 Justice Mukta Gupta, who last week transferred the investigation in the case to the Central
Bureau ofInvestigation (CBI), directedthat all witnesses should be kept in a cellmonitored
by CCTV.
Analysis
Custodial violence
 Custodial violence primarily refers to violence in police and judicial custody. It includes
 death, rape and torture.
 As we know if someone dies in custody so all the in charge or the jail authority of that jail
are suspended.
 Even then numerous cases like murders, rapes, suicides take place in custodies.
 Example: Recent custodial death happened of a father and son in Tamil Nadu during
lockdown.
Data Related to Violence in Custody
 According to National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data, between 2001 and 2018, only
26 policemen were convicted of custodial violence despite 1,727 such deaths being
recorded in India.
 Except in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Odisha, no policeman was
convicted for such deaths across the country.
 Apart from custodial deaths, more than 2,000 human rights violation cases were also
recorded against the police between 2000 and 2018. And only 344 policemen were
convicted in those cases.

3. Reasons behind custodial violence
 India does not have an anti-torture legislationwhich brings the absence ofstrong legislation
and if no actions will be taken against these authorities, then these culpable officials will
remain imagined.
 The use of excessive force including torture to target different community people
participating in movements should be reduced.
 Although India has signed the United Nations Convention against Torture in 1997 but its
approval still remains.
Suggestions
 India should approve the UN convention against torture.
 Specific guidelines should be formulated on educating and training officials involved in
the cases to deal wisely in these cases.
 CCTV cameras should be installed in police stations including in the interrogation room,
 Surprise inspections should be done mandatory which would help in prevention of
custodial torture or suicides.
3. Centre should direct States to use bio-decomposer:CM (The Hindu
Newspaper)
News published on 13 September 2021.
Facts Provided in the article
 Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal has said that the bio-decomposer technique of converting
stubble into manure has shown success.
 This claim was based on the initial resultsfrom a farm where the bio-decomposing solution,
developed under the guidance of the PUSA Institute, was being tried out by the Delhi
government.
 According to him, the government had sprayed the solution on 1,935 acres of land in 39
villages.
Analysis
Pusa Decomposer
 It is a mix of seven fungi that produce enzymes to digest cellulose, lignin and pectin in
paddy straw.
 The farmers can prepare 25 litres of liquid mixture with 4 capsules, jaggery and chickpea
flour. The mixture is sufficient to cover 1 hectare of land.
 According to findings of Water and Power Consultancy Services (India) WPCOS audit,
Mr. Kejriwal said, 90% of the farmers said that the stubble decomposed within 15-20days,
whereas it would previously take 40-50 days.

4. Issues related to stubble burning
 Open stubble burning emits large number of toxic pollutants.
 Burning husk on ground destroys the Nutrients in the soil, makes it less fertile.
 Heat generated by stubble burning penetrates into the soil which leads to loss of moisture
and useful microbes.
 Recent data by (MoEF) Ministry of Environment and forestinformed that Punjab increases
44.5%. as compared to last year.
 It invites termites which can damage, the subsequent crop.
 It causes major pollution like CO2, CO, SOx
Benefits of PUSA decomposer
 Improves the fertility and productivity of the soil as the stubble works as manure and
compost for the crops.
 It is efficient and effective, cheaper and practical technique to stop stubble burning.
 It is eco-friendly and environmentally useful technology.
 This situation can also be tried by farmers in Punjab and Haryana.
4. GreenHydrogen holds promise as an alternative, truly cleanfuel and inaiding
the world’s decarbonization goals (The Hindu Newspaper)
News published on 09 September 2021.
Facts provided in the article
Fossil Fuels are responsible for the production of over 830 million tons per annum of
carbon dioxide.
Scientists are trying to find the alternatives to these fuels.
The 26th UN climate change conferenceof the parties (COP26) in Glasgow from November
1-12, 2021 is to re-examine the coordinated action plans to mitigate greenhouse gases and
climate adaption measures.
Analysis
Green Hydrogen- Energy-rich source
It is a zero-carbon fuel made by electrolysis using renewable power from wind and solar
to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. It can be utilized for the generation of power from
natural sources — wind or solar systems — and will be a major step forward in achieving
the target of ‘net zero’ emission.
Advantages of using hydrogen as a fuel
 Hydrogen has an energy density almost 3 times that of diesel.
 Zero emission of CO2. Power emission by net-zero emission will be the best solution.
 In 2018, 8.7 million people died prematurely as result of air pollution from fossil fuels
around the globe.

5. Challenges
 Challenge is to compress or liquify LH2 (Liquid Hydrogen Gas) as it needs to be kept at a
stable minus 253 degree Celsius.
 According to studies by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA), the
production cost of this ‘green source of energy’ is expected to be around $1.5 per kg. by
the year 2030, it is estimated to be adopting various conservative measures.
 Example: Saudi Arabia is prioritizing plans to manufacture this source of energy by
utilizing ‘idle-land-banks’ for solar and wind energy generation. It is working to establish
a mega $5 billion ‘Green hydrogen’ manufacturing unit covering a land-size as large as
that of Belgium (30,689 km2), in the northern-western part of the country.
Indian Plans
 The Indian Railways have announced the country’s first experiment of a hydrogen-fuel
cell technology-based train by retrofitting an existing diesel engine;
 this will run under Northern Railway onthe 89 km stretchbetween Sonipat and Jind.
 The project will not only ensure diesel savings to the tune of several lakhs annually
but will also prevent the emission of 0.72 kilo tons of particulate matter and 11.12
kilo tons of carbon per annum.
 National Hydrogen Energy Mission aims to produce Hydrogen from green energy
sources.
 Currently, India consumes around 5.5 million tons of hydrogen, primarily produced from
imported fossil fuels.
Conclusion
 Power generation by green hydrogen will be a viable solution to achieve the target of ‘net-
zero’ emission to remain under 1.5 degree Celsius.
 It will also move forward in minimizing the dependence on conventional fossil fuels.
 It is high time to catch up with the rest of the world by going in for clean energy by
decarbonizing the economy and adopting Green Hydrogen as an environment friendly and
safe fuel for next generation.
5. It’s time for Industry 4.0 (The Hindu Newspaper)
News published on 08 September 2021.
Facts provided in the article
 The ‘Industry 4.0’ was coined by the German government in 2011.
 Additive manufacturing, Internet of Things, cyber physical systems, Augmented
reality/Virtual reality and data analytics are some of the technologies associated with the
industry 4.0
 MSME’s will need to make major financial investments to adopt Industry 4.0.

6. Analysis
Industry 4.0 and fourth industrial revolution
 Industry 4.0 refers to the intelligent networking of machines and processes for industry
with the help of information and communication technology.
 The reduced costs of electronics like sensors, transmitters, and cloud have allowed us to
capture the data produced during operational activities.
 Cyber-physical systems form the basis of Industry 4.0 (e.g., ‘smart machines’). They use
modern control systems, have embedded software systems and dispose of an Internet
address to connect and be addressed via IoT (the Internet of Things).
MSME’s
 MSME stands for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises. In developing country like
India, MSME industries are the backbone of the economy.
 MSMEs form more than 95% of the industries in India, produce more than 45% of the
total manufacturing output and employ more than 40% of the workforce.
 According to the Economic Survey 2020-21, over 6 crore MSMEs employ more than 11
crore people and contribute roughly 30% to the GDP and half of the country's export.
Role of Industry 4.0 in MSME
 Manufacturing industries will be able to make data-driven decisions.
 Reduced cost of electronics like sensors, transmitters and cloud.
 Data can be analysed for real-time decision making.
 Ease of doing business and living.
 Minimizing human errors by effective monitoring.
Challenges
 Lack of awareness and considering disruptive to existing system by MSME.
 A very few numbers of experts and consultants are present to invest in new and right
technology.
 Due to lack of awareness missing frameworks and steps in MSME in adopting Industry
4.0
Suggestions
 Step taken by Indian government named SAMARTH- Udyog Bharat 4.0.
Vision: To facilitate and create eco system for propagation of Industry 4.0 set of
technologies in every Indian manufacturing by 2025, be it MNC, large, medium or small-
scale Indian company.It includes
 Awareness campaigns
 Start-up incubators to be provided
 To make adequate provisions for e-waste management
 Participating in a Government formed platform for Industry 4.0 on common agenda

7.  MSME should develop their own vision of Industry 4.0
 Transparency in production process.
 Scientific learnings and literature should be provided to improve old machine
performance.
 Government, entrepreneurs, industrial associations should come together for this big
change.