BИДИ I MEXAHI3M УTBOPEHНЯ XIMІЧНОГО 3B'ЯЗКУ. Узагальнення та систематизація знань. 11 клас

1. BI,IJIII I MEXAHI3M YTBOPEHIIfl XIMFIIIOTO 3B',g3ITY
Vsazun ueaun ma cacmeuatmnajn sBauo, I I Nroc
Mqg:ngg: a) noruul6u'rn, nomrpz'ru i ymra:rbflrrn 3raHr{t } rEir npo rml ximivroro ar'rery;
6) {oprrryoaru :EzrHHt trpo Marepiamny e.ryicru cniry, fioro poenumg
r) po*marr cauocriftnicr4 T
rcpwfi ni,D<i,4 ao BtrBrra€Moro uarepialy, nrufi snBqa€-
MO.
Tnn vnorv: )rctlraJrrHerE Ta cncteuarulaqix suanr.
06. aananng: nepioprwa crcreMa xirr.ri*ux enerr,rer:rir .{.I. Men4eneera, ra6ruqi: 6y4ora uerauy,
clr{reEy, aqsruJrefly.
Xin vporcv
I. Mornsarrir Hanqarbnoi 4itJ6uocri.
Y.reHHr npo xirtrivwrfi gn'$or- qerrpaJrbge rmragflr cyracnoi xiuii. Eeg xfuriwroro rr'rsry ue rr,ro-
xna eporpriru piruouarirnicm xirviwn< cuonyr<, uexanisuy ix yrropeunr, ik 6y4ona i peaxqinsoi
g,qi6nocri, Ynpaarrna fipoqecoM yrnopemx xirraiuoro u'mry - {e o3narla€ ptirln cmreryrartr peqo-
rrrrr is 3a3.qaneri,F 3qqauEMtr ntrasrnBocrrMr. Ilooue pimemr qiei npo6nelrm troxf, trro € 3aBAarrrtM
rr.rafi6yruroro, [pore ii piEeEE nos'rgaxo s rusqennmr uexaniruy yrnopennx xiruivnoro *'mry.
u. Arry+nigardr onopHrp( gnaur.
flepe,q rna, xr nepeAru 4o reun ,, Bu,4r rr'rrry ", Aasafrre graAa€Mo:
1) IIIo rare nanesnricrr? (Baneurnimr - qe nnacrmicrr arorrda yrnoporara rosarenTlri ss't3(ff,
Ba;rennricrr s[3naqaerbcr KiJrKicrro cninrrnn< enerrpomrar nap, mi rr'gyro'rr amw y rrloneryli)
2) Ilorcmrn, vouy y eneuenrir 4pyrom repiogy uarcnramaa ranrerrrnicrr 4opinmoe 4.
(po6ora 6inx gomftr.r)
3) florcnurr, xry ra.nendcrr uoxe rraarr arort cylri[ypy
(po6ora 6i;n aomor)
IlL Vgaranrnennx ra cucretvrarrnauiq suagr.
.fr norcnrrr yrropeHrrt MoJIeKyn 3 aroMis?
IIte na rouancy )O( cronimr niueryd r[irm Bomrep Koccenr ri4tpm, qo amMf, npartyrb
o,qep)Karz sanepmeui enertponxi ronQirypauii ineprxror rasir. II{o6 goctrru qrom, iu AonoErr-
cr poruimorarn croi enertpom. flpr ryorrry yrroproerrc.r xirr'ri'rnufi sr'Bor.
Xinri.nrrrfi gs'Bor - qe cyrynnicrr cur, qo ,qirort Mix arouanrn ra nprBoAfib Ao yrBopeglrt MoJre-
ryn a6o rptcra:rir, Xirr,riqnri gs'Box yrBoproerrcr 3a paxyuoK Balren:rnnt enercq)onin, siu lr.tae eJreKT-
prtrry trptrpoay, a.ne gAifi cxroerrcr uo-pisuorrry.
1).fixi slrgfi sn'r:ry rz suaere? (4 rnnn: KoBaJre]rr'Ed, iounld, ueraretli, ro,ryeerff)
2) 3o6parnrn na 4om1i ynopennr: a) iomroro rr'rrcy xa npnrura,qi NaCl; 6) roranemuoro st'rcrcy
na npm:mai HCl,.Br2, NIIa*; a) uerareroro r) no;greaoro *'rsKis ua fipuKra,{i soru, Iscrot Kap6ouo-
nrx i cnuprir. Aars osHaqeffit ri,ryori,rgoIrry ra'rsry i r xcrx nma,ffiax siu BtrHrrra€.
Pogrrnneuo roxen s rrgir nprme4enrx :s'rsKir.
3apas anaxarcrrr, qo iormrlft gs's3or - qe rgafuifi BmaAor( roBanerrrtono rrorr4)Eono sn'rsxy i ur-
smro iorffioro gs'm4y neruae. IIpt yrropemi ry< Monexyn (NaCl) uonnoi rorrrnercaqii noniB iouiB Ha-
rpiro i xlopy re nig6yraerrcr. flprrrrrryrmncr o,ryH Ao o,qnoro, npornrercti ioml gAami Ao erlelcrpo-
cratrnroi aea€N(onii s iHilrulttr 34pf,rrcesrrMrr qacrKturr. tlro srracrmicrl 3B)mE EeHacrqennnr,r. Bnacni-
,qo( rreuarrpaBnetocri i nenacrqeuocri roxcsrfi iou uarpiro omYye 6 ionir x.nopy i rar 4ani.
KosarenTad gs'sort Moxe yrBoproBar[cb tro:
a) o$uimonry rrrexauisrrry (roxen arorlr Aae uo 1 eneKrpoEy AJrr yrBopetrt cni;rruoi enerrponnoi
napr). Hanpnsra,q HCl, Brz;
6) 4oxopno-arqerlToploMy (xolu cui:nua elreKrporEa rIE)a HaJrexlrrr o,EoMy amMy' frqfi [pn-
iuae yvacrr n yrropemi rr'rcry). Hanplrna,u NII+';
3) IIa rxi ani rpym noAilxorr rosaneuTurd gr'.s3ox ga saco6oM rrepe4pnTm eirerrpontua< :orap?
(o i r).
4) II{o mre o rn'rror? 3arrqcatn yrsopeulff MoneKpr H2, HBr, Cl2 (yvexr 6i.lrs loms).

2. o(cnua;sr'xsor)-qe gs'Bor, yreopesrfi qptr trepexpruami aroMEEX op6imnef; no ninii, tra 3'eA-
rye qenTpu (rma) amMir.
f) IIpu uepexprrri xn< enerrponis sAificmoerEcr yrropemr o :n'r:ry? (S-S; S-P; P-P).
s-s (H2) S-P (HBr) P-P (Cl2)
6) flpu ncnx yuorax nrmae ur ss'.rror? (Korm nunmarorr rqparni rn'mrcr, ro6ro nepexpnrarorcr
P-P enerroponu s nroryrd, treprrenlnrynrpuifi nnorr d ruoreryru. flpu oguorvry neperprrri P-P
enerrponin ynoproerbcr no,@iffi er'ror, upx pohronay neperpurri P-P ererrponir - norpifi-
srd gn'sgor).
n (ni:sa'rsox)-qe rn'rcor, yuopenufi npu uepexprirami aroMEn( op6iranefi no o6r,@a 6oru ria
cinr.ra- ra'xrry.
Ei:rrm xor:ra qsime po:,pmtocr oco6rnrsocri roBaregTEoro gr'rsry:
l) racrueuicrr;
2) rarpanneuicr;
3) eneprix er'rary (rrriqnicm);
4),4ormra*'ruy.
Hacnqesictr rosalrerflrono sr'rsry rrcua crrcx BanerrrnltMrt MolclrBocrf,Mtr arouy. Harrplrrn44
y cyrs$ypa-2,4,6.
Hanpaarenicrr - qe sracrmicu (oBalrelflHoro er'rsrcy, rra o6yuonruoe trpocropoBy 6y,aoay uo-
nexynu. Bona uoxe 6yru ox4parcrepxnBana 3a aorroMoFoKr BaJreHTHoro ryra. Ba.nenrurd Kyr 3aJre-
rcnrr siA rmy ri6prrcaqii. IIlo rare ri6pr,ryaqix? B xoai 6eci,u* BuxoprsroBylorm ra6p+o I'
Br {rerrl arryanieye snamr yvnin npo rr ru ri6prwgaqfi sp' (CH4), sp'(CztI+), sp (C2H), rpooropoBy
6y4ony MoneKyn B 3€uexHocri ri4 trany ri6pu4u3arlii.
Ta6rllrus I
flpocropoBa 6yAoBa AeflKID( MoneKyn ra iorrful
KonanenrHl{fi
3Brt3oK
Im ri6pnry-
Iarlii
{eHTpaJrbrroro
rToMy
Kap6oHy
[oaxuna
tBff;3Ky,
iIM
Kyr naix
li6pra,urrrran
rp6itanmr,ru
[uixcnaneur-
ni rwu)
Eneprix
tB'.fl3Ky,
qfixd
MOJI6:
@opnaa MoneKy-
JIN
flprarn44u
C-C sp3 0,1 54 1090 28' 350
Terpae4pn-
qHa
CFI4, CzHo
C:C rpt 0,134 120" 610 llnoruaHHa
CzHn, CrHo
C-C sp 0JzA 180" 830 JIinift.na
CzHz, CIFII
Eueprir sn'mry - qe rinrxicra xaparrepucrura uiqnocri rr'rry. IIia enepriero xilri.nroro gn'.s-
rry posyruirorr ry euepriro, xa neo6ximra,q;rr ftoro pospllny. 3 @r nor'$auo, ma pearuir slA6yBa-
errcr: errorepuiwa w engorepLriwra Miqricrr gg'r3ry sarexcarB siA: a) mod sr'mox o a6o zt [o rr'r-
30rc 3garrno ruiqnime xix rl; 6) riA nosqortr neperpnmr. ereKrponm( xrraap. Miuuicrr 3pocra€ B ptAy
S, P, SP3, Sf, Sp; s) siA roro, flc{fi pfunoaug sr'rsry yrroproerrcx (nonrpsrn wr nenonrpmi).
flodu qi 3rraurrr [epeHocrrbcs i norrm6rnorcrrbcr upu porrnr4i npocropoaoi 6yAoau neoprauiv-
HID( p€qoBrrn.
1) sanrcaru yroopermx rlroneryrm BF3:

3. By.uona aroMa 6opy:
3BTIqAIIHIII'I CTUIII
tt+
s6y4xennfi ctan
+ nt ----->
2p2s2p2s
B-l szzs22pl+hv
- B*- rs22sr2p2
By4ona aroMa Qropy:
+* f+ +
++
,2s
Yrnopennfl KoBaJIeHTHoro noJrrpHoro 3B's3ry BF3
al
.8. + 3.Fi --*a tt
F
t
E
{.
Y uoneryrm BF: ri6purysauir sfi, ra.uerrmtft ryr 1200, nnocricna npoctopora 6yAora;
2) ranncaru yrnopennr Ir.ronerynu BeCl2
Cryninr oKtrcresur 6epu.niro r uoneryni - +2, xJropy - -1. B ocnonnorrry crani nanerrsicrr 6e-
prudro aopinmoe nymo. flepexi4 aroua 6epuniro s s6yEmenfff, cran cyrrlnBoAxyerrct por'e4nannnrr
c[aperrrD( enerrporir. flepexla 2s-enexrpona n a 2p-op6hus uorpe6ye sfiparfr eneprii, rxa 3 HaA]rL-
rm(oM KoMuegcyerrct n peaxqii 3a paxynoK yTBopeEE ,Fox gn'ssrir, nci pirroUinni (sp - ri6puilgi
op6irani).
Beo+hv -+ Be
ls22s2 lsr2sr2pz
ri6pua
, rc22{
Y npocropi nom poslrdqyrorrcr ni4 ryrou 180". 3asAtror rlroMy Moneryna ruae duifuy (pop-
l'ny. sp - ri6pu4usaui.e xaparrepxa a.nr eneuenril II rpynu.
2p
:ii:BrFrll ta
'l
rf< r
IL I
la
FF
cl
AnneneMerrris III ryyrr xapaKrepHa sp2-ri6pra4a3arlir. llper gAificnenui ri6pnan3arlii yrBopKl-
rorbcr MoneKynpl rIJIocKOi rpuryrnoi QopMI{, sK Y BF:.
t In

4. IV.fliacwor )mor.y.
V. .IloIvrannre gaslaHnr.
3anpouonorarnrii rapiarrr ypory porpaxonanufi Ea rcnac 3 Aocrarrbo BrrooxrrM pirneu snam. B
rr,rem ni,q'omrner{qMy ruaci rpaqe sar4a:reri,6 npmoq/Barl m6rrrrrpo 2, rorpy yqi 6yayrr rorrreu-
rynarr,r rrFu po6o:ri r nigpynrurorv.
Taffisrw2
Xiruiwufiss'Bor
Ognaxu
Nrs uopin-
H.f,HH{ BII.
ais xinaiq-
Hofo 3B'g3-
Ky
Bua xinriworo gs'sgrcy
TOHHIIII KOBANCHTHIIII MCTAIICBIII,I no,{nenrnft
uonrprmfi HerroJrE)Hnu
l. flpupo4a
3trtf3aurx
xirui.nrnx
enelrenris
Tnnoni Meralrr,r i rn-
nosi HeMeraJM
Arouu
pirru,rx
neMeranis
a6o rvrera-
ila i ne-
METAIIA
O.unanosi
ATOMII HEME.
TAIIA
Meranra Arona naporerry oaniei
MoneKyJrrr i arou cnJrb-
HOeneKTpoHeraTr{BHoro
xirr,riwroro eneMenTy
iHmoi MoJreKynE a6o
aroM ri4poreny i arorvr
cHJrbHo eJreKTpoHeraTrr -
Brroro xirrriwroro ene-
MeHTy 3HflXOAflTbCfl B
oanifi uoneryni
2.3aci6
yTBOpeHrur
xinai.nroro
sn'xsry
flepe4a.ra eneKTpo-
uin 6ilrm eneKrpo-
HeraTrrBHoMy aToMy,
eneKTpocTaTrrrtrre
IrpHTJrfttHHfl npoTr{-
Jre)r(Ho 3aprArKeHrD(
ionin
Yrnopennx cnilrnrrx
eneKTpoHHr{x troP, xri
sn'rsSrrorr fl,rpa arotvris
(no o6uinHolry a6o Ao-
HOpHO.aKrIenTOpHOMy
rvrexanisuy)
YcycninrHeH-
Hs. ererrponin
i sinbHe rrepe-
naiqeHns B
uori flrep
arorr,rig Meriuly
Bgaeune npurffKinus
arouin ri qf'oreny (6) i
arolris F, O, N (6)
3. Mexa-
nisM yrBo-
peHHff 3B'fl-
sny (cxeua)
P'F=
I
Cai *
I
t..
*'F.
rtTr
* l,p.lc",'l=F=l
LJ LJ
t-l :q]
H
aa
j lf .'
;;
H
{}::Q
N:rN
:Cl:Cl
l,t|'+>Ptt+re
o---H-o
^-"/
"-*
*,---ol
H-o H-o
H
(Hlo)z
Jlireparypa:
l. HefinauA O.t. OpraHr.ruecKar xvruurs. M.: Brrcrtas.mKoJrq 1990.
2. fyaroea A.C. Or npocroro K cno)KnoMy. M.: I4sa-so MocK. yH-r4 1983.
3. Jlyrcaruos C.M. Xinris, 10-11 rn. - K.: Ocnira" 1998.
4. Acm$ypoB 8.I4., Bycen A.U. Crpoenne BerqecrBa. - M.: flpocBerqeHue,2}l3
' Asrop:
KysrueHro Onena Muronai'nHa, cepeAnfl rrrKoJra }lb96, rvr.r{HinporrerpoBcbK
frrrenb xiuii enrqoi Kareropii, ymrenb MeroArrcr.
PeuenseHr: