On the Edge? Defensive Strategies for Roof Perimeters
1. On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For
Roof Perimeters
Wilma Leung
Williams Engineering Canada
2. Outline
Photo Credit: Gord Rajewski
Roof Overhangs
Roof Parapets
Environmental Barriers
at Roof Perimeters
Changes in
Environmental Loads
on Roof Perimeters
An Integrative Design
Process
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
3. Roof Perimeters: Overhangs & Parapets
Cantilevered
Appendages
Inconvenient Details
No Man’s Land ?
Confluence of
Contradiction ?
Photo Credit: Gord Rajewski
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
4. Roof Perimeters: Overhangs & Parapets
Frontline Defense
Deflect Rain & Snow
Control Solar Radiation
Support
Wind Damage
Snow Damage
Ice Damage
Gutters
Walls
Slabs
Protect
People
Walls & Openings
Ground & Foundation
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
5. Roof Perimeters: Multidisciplinary
Discipline-based Design
Perspectives
Overlaid ?
Optimized ?
Critical Early Stages of
Building Design
Integrate
Rain, Snow, Ice
Fire, Wind, Drainage
Durability, Airtightness
Thermal Separation
Structural Stability
Environmental Changes
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
6. Roof Perimeters: Multidisciplinary
“ If all you have is a
hammer, everything
looks like a nail.”
– English Proverb
Discipline-based Design
Perspectives
Overlaid ?
Optimized ?
Critical Early Stages of
Building Design
Integrate
Rain, Snow, Ice
Fire, Wind, Drainage
Durability, Airtightness
Thermal Separation
Structural Stability
Environmental Changes
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
7. Roof Overhangs
Vernacular & Universal
Control Indoor Climate
Passive Solar Strategies
Protect from Wetness
Evolved to incorporate
Vented Soffits
Gutters
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
8. Roof Overhangs: Potential Conflicts
Wildfire Vulnerability
Flame Impingement
Ember Exposure
Wildfire Mitigation
Narrower Overhangs
Fewer Joints
Screened Soffit Vents
Choice of Material
Removal of Plants
High Wind & Coastal Areas
Intensified Wind Speeds
Wind-driven Rain
Accelerated Weathering
Wind Mitigation
Narrower Overhangs
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
9. Roof Overhangs: No Exhausts Below
No Moisture Exhausts
Boilers
Dryers
Kitchens
Bathrooms
Aggravated Damage
Moisture to Attics
Rapid Freeze-Thaw
Cycling
Porous Material: Wood,
Stucco, Concrete, Paint
Mildly Acidic Emissions
Neighboring Buildings
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
10. Roof Overhangs: Eavestroughs
Seldom Professionally
Designed
High Risk Impromptu
Gutter Installations
On Eaves with No Overhangs
For Low-slope Roofs
Mounted on Walls &
Parapets
Ends butting against a Wall
or a Sloped Roof Underneath
Inadequate First Defense
Flow Concentration
Wind Uplift
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
11. Roof Overhangs: Eavestroughs
Gutters for Colder Regions
Overhang 12” with Drip
Flashing; Or
Roof Edge Made
Waterproofed
Lower Gutter Position on
Fascia
Avoid Damming of Ice or
Snow
Avoid Being Damaged by Ice
or Snow
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
12. Eave Overhangs: Falling Ice & Snow
Assessing Hazards
Icicles
Snow Cornices
Overhead Cables
Plumbing Vents
Gable Overhangs:
Safe Zone for Entrances,
Parking, Prized Plants …
Note: Slanted Gables are
more similar to Eaves.
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
13. Eave Overhangs: Falling Ice & Snow
Temporary Fix
“Beware of Falling Ice”
Heat Trace may
Create Path for Water
to Drain
Create More Icicles
Mitigation
Reduce Freeze-Thaw
Factors
Reduce Heat Loss into
Attic, and onto Roof
“Cold Roof” Strategy
Photo Credit: Gord Rajewski
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
14. Eave Overhangs: Air Inlets for “Cold Roofs”
Prerequisites for Cold
Roofs
1 ½” - 5” High Air Space
Eave Air Inlets to Avoid
Well-insulated Ceiling
Airtight Ceiling
Warm Air Sources
Air Exhausts & Entrance
Doors
Façade with High Solar
Absorption Material
Stack Effects
Protects Roof in Winter
Saves $ in Summer
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
15. Roof Parapets
Historically Promoted to
Displace Wood Overhangs
For Fire Protection Benefits
Fire Resistant Unreinforced
Masonry Parapets
Hazard for Firefighters
Hazard during Earthquakes
Main Functions Today
Proper Installation of Roof
Membranes and Flashings
Protect Roof Assemblies
from Wind Uplift, esp. at
Roof Perimeters
Guardrail, increasingly
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
16. Roof Parapets: Reducing Wind Uplift
Parapets Higher than 1 m
Significantly Reduce
Wind Uplift on Flat Roofs
Lower Parapets
Photo Credit: Gord Rajewski
Both Low- & High-Rise
Esp. near Roof Perimeters
Marginal for Corner
Regions of Low-Rise
Significantly Increase
Local High Uplift
Pressures near Roof
Corners
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
17. Roof Parapets: Reducing Wind Uplift
Scuppers up to 1 m Wide
Installed near Roof Corners
Effective for Corner Regions
of High-Rise
Short Section of Open
Guardrail in lieu of Parapet
Effective for Corner Regions
Low Parapets, based on
Wind Exposure & Design
Wind Speed
Can Prevent Blow-off of Roof
Aggregate of Prescribed Sizes
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
18. Roof Parapets: Adjoining Building
Waterproofed Parapet
of Adequate Height to
Prevent Liabilities from
Drainage Blockage
Roof Overflow
Melting of Drift Ice
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
19. Roof Parapets: Multi-Tasking
Proper Installation of Roof
Membranes and Flashings
Reduce Roof Penetrations
Piping & Wiring to Emerge from
Parapets
Provide Support to Roof Grillage
Protect & Enable Sustainability
Roof Services
Green Roofs
FM Global Property Loss
Prevention Data Sheet 1-35
Height, Scupper, Vegetation
Biophilic / Food Gardens
Solar Arrays
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
20. Roof Parapets: Cap Flashings & Copings
Effectively Reduce
Uncapped Concrete /
Masonry Copings
Wall Wetting
Water Infiltration
Staining on Cladding
Damage to Masonry
Lack Waterproofing
Exposed to Extremes of
Moistures & Temperature
Slanted Parapets
No Drip Edges
More Staining
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
21. Roof Parapets: Protecting Cap Flashings
High Wind Damage
Initiated at Roof Edges
Starting with Lifting of Cap
Flashings
Membrane Dislodgement
Flying Debris
Punctures & Tears
Vortex Suppression
Innovative Aerodynamic
Roof Edge Devices
Minimize Vortex Uplifts
Under Full-Scale Testing
Double Damage Threshold
Cost-Effective
Photo retrieved from http://www.professionalroofing.net
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
22. Roof Perimeters: Environment Barriers
Durable Continuity
Connects Exterior Walls
with Roof Assemblies
Air Barrier
Vapor Barrier
Weather Barrier
Thermal Barrier
Intersection
Avoidable Stresses
Thermal Bridging
Air Leakage
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
23. Roof Perimeters: Environment Barriers
Avoidable Stresses
Thermal Bridging
Air Leakage
Brick Veneer Parapet
Freeze-Thaw Cycling
Accelerates Deterioration
Worsened by Coping with
Inadequate
Waterproofing
No Cross Slope
No Drip Edge
Hence Water
Absorption & FreezeThaw Damage
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
24. Roof Perimeters: Air Leakage
The Source of Moisture
Issues in Steel/Wood
Buildings
Improper Detailing e.g.
Balloon Framing
Design Not Ready for
Construction
Frost in Attics
Ice-Damming
Efflorescence
Spalling of Brick/Mortar
Metal Corrosion
Photo Credit: Gord Rajewski
Allow to Dry Out
Durable Material
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
25. Roof Perimeters: Durable Air Barrier
Photo Credit: Gord Rajewski
Protected from Severe
Thermal Cycling
Prefer Placing Air Barrier
within Insulation or on
Steady Temperature Side of
Insulation (if compatible
with air permeance of
material)
Air Barrier at Roof Deck Level
for Curtain Wall Panels
Structurally Supported to
Withstand Stack Effects
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
26. Roof Perimeters: Thermal Bridging
Structural Designers Can
Significantly Reduce
Energy Consumption of
Buildings
Reduce Heat Loss
Reduce Condensation on
Interior Cold Spots
Prevent Mildews
Reduce Radiant Heat Loss
Raised Heel Trusses
Provide Space for Insulation
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
27. Roof Perimeters: Thermal Bridging
Reducing Thermal Bridging
Reduce Frequency of Penetration
by Conductive Material
Strengthen Structure Outside of
Insulation and Air Barrier
Reduce Need to Transfer Loading
Across Insulation and Air Barrier
Use Lower Conductive Material
Fiberglass
Foam-glass
High Strength Foam
Use Wood / Stainless Steel instead of
Carbon Steel when Structure
Penetrates Insulation or Air Barrier
Photo Credit: Gord Rajewski
Separating
Tempered Structural Core & Frame
Exposed Structural Fins & Shells
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
28. Roof Perimeters: Possible Configurations
Intermittent Connections,
Not Continuous
R Stainless Steel = 3 x R Carbon Steel
R Stainless Steel = 12 x R Aluminum
R Wood = 400 x R Carbon Steel
Structural Stability
Capacity for Lateral
Resistance
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
31. Roof Perimeters: Changing Environmental Loads
Design based on Historical Climate Data
Will Past Extremes Represent Future Conditions ?
Currently Projected Changes
More Intense Precipitation
Increased Summer Drying
Intensified Peak Winds
Higher Frequency of Damage Thresholds Being
Exceeded
Roof Perimeters Critical in
Protecting Roofs & Walls Against Wind & Storm Events
Mitigating Wildfire & Earthquake Damages
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
32. Roof Perimeters: Changing Environmental Loads
If Building Envelope Fails
During a Storm
Damage to Contents Likely 2 to 9
times Building Repair Cost
Disasters Trigger Sequence
of Financial Events for
Insurers & Reinsurers
Supply of Reinsurance May
Dwindle
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
33. Roof Perimeters: Changing Environmental Loads
2 Main Concerns for Building Envelope
Durability of Building Envelope Fabric to Weather
Additional Environmental Stresses
More Frequent Freeze-Thaw Cycles in Colder Regions
Potentially Increased Atmospheric Chemical Deposition
Initially Increasing UV Levels
Changes to Precipitation Regimes
Impact of Weathering Over Time on Building
Envelope’s
Durability
Resilience to Extremes
Increasingly Critical to
Resist Wind
Prevent Moisture Entry
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
34. Roof Perimeters: Changing Environmental Loads
Building Envelopes Adapt by
Preventative Maintenance
Better Material Formulation
Changes in Engineering Practice
More Durable
Greater Resilience
Parapets & Overhangs
Increasingly Important in
Protecting Roof Equipment &
Surfaces
Prolonging Life of Vulnerable
Claddings, and hence Buildings
Protecting Heritage Buildings
with Effective Water Shedding &
Waterproofing Measures
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
35. An Integrative Design Process
Identify Performance Needs
Apply Building Science Thinking
Develop & Coordinate Design
Configurations
Integrating Performance Needs
Adequately Develop
Construction Details
Meeting All Performance Needs
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
36. An Integrative Design Process
Without Building
Science Thinking At
Early Stages of Design
Future Roof Perimeter
Issues can Expect to be
Challenging
Snap Decisions Leading
to Increased Workload
and Expenses for
Building Operations &
Maintenance
Less Durable Building
Missed Prevention of
Hazards & Nuisance
Photo Credit: Gord Rajewski
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
37. An Integrative Design Process
An Optimal, Cost-Effective, Safe
& Durable Design
Unlikely Arrived at by Chance
Unlikely Guided Solely by Minimum
Code and Legal Requirements
Maximizing Real Estate Value
Range of Considerations Available to
Assist
Rising Real Estate Value of Roofs
An Integrative Design Process
Highest Degree of Accountability for
Holistic Property Value
Begins with Owner’s Project
Requirements
Verifications at Building’s
Commissioning
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
38. An Integrative Design Process
An Expressive Atrium
Roof & Canopy
Largely Eliminated
Nuisance of Rain, Snow
and Ice
Improved Usability of
Outdoor & Indoor
Space
Sheds Water & Snow
onto Parapeted Roof of
Carport
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
39. Conclusion
Building Science Thinking must be present at the early stages of
building projects when geometries determining the performance
of roof perimeters would likely be defined.
On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
40. Cited References & Additional Information
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On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters
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On the Edge? Defensive Strategies For Roof Perimeters