1. MS SQL Server 2005
Lab # 2 :
SQL: Guide to the Language
(Components, Data types, Functions)
Installing
Practicing Example
Adavnced Database Programming 1
2. SQL Basic Objects
1. Constants or Literal Values:
Alphanumerical
Numeric constant: Integer, Fixed-Point, Float-
Point Values
Hexadecimal:
Used to represent nonprintable characters
Each Starts with “0x” followed by even number of
characters or numbers. EX. 0x53514C0D
Adavnced Database Programming 2
3. SQL Basic Objects
1. Constants or Literal Values:
Characters string:
enclosed in single (preferred) OR double quotation
To print single quotation in a statement add a single
quotation to form Consecutive single quotations .
EX. ‘You Can’’t agree’
Double quotation allows :
Delimited Identifiers: reserved keywords used as
identifiers by using double quotation (helps to protect you
from using names that could be introduced as reserved
keywords in the SQL future), their name can begin with Or
Contain any character
Spaces in the names of database objects
Adavnced Database Programming 3
5. Setting Delimited Identifier Usage Option
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER {ON, OFF}
IF :
ON:
Quotations can be used for delimiting Identifiers
Quotations can’t be used for delimiting Strings
OFF:
Quotations can’t be used for delimiting Identifiers
Quotations can be used for delimiting Strings
Adavnced Database Programming 5
6. SQL Basic Objects
2. Delimiters: ’ “ [ ] & ….
3. Comments:
/* Several Comment Liens Here */
-- the Reminder of the Current Line is Comment
2. Reserved Keywords
Can’t be used as object names
Adavnced Database Programming 6
7. SQL Basic Objects
5. Identifiers:
Used to identify DB Objects such as: tables &
Indices
Names can be created with:
up to 128 characters: containing letters, numerals, _,
@, #, $
Each name must start with a letter or one of the
following characters (_, @, #, $)
# at the beginning of table or stored procedure name
denotes a temporary object
@ at the beginning of name denotes a Variable
Adavnced Database Programming 7
9. Data Types
Numeric Data Types Numbers
String Data Types set of characters
Date and/or Time Data Types
Derived Data Types Derived from simple
data types
Miscellaneous Data Types Data Types that
doesn’t belong to other Data Types
User-Defined Data Types
Adavnced Database Programming 9
10. Numeric Data Types (10 Types)
Data Type Explanation
INT integer(4 Bytes)
SMALLINT integer(2 Bytes)
TINYINT Non-Negative Integer (0255)(1 Byte)
BIGINT integer(8 Bytes)
DECIMAL(p,[s]) P=precison(Total no of digits with S)
S=Scale(No. of Decimal Point Digits)
REAL Floating-Point Values
MONEY- Decimal(8 Bytes), Rounded to 4 digits
SMALLMONEY after the decimal point - (4 Bytes)
Float[(p)] P<25(4 Bytes), P>=25(8 Bytes)
Adavnced Database Programming 10
11. String Data Types (6 Types)
Data Type Explanation
CHAR[(n)] OR String of n Characters, n Maximum
CHARACTER [(n)] value=800, if n is omitted n=1
VARCHAR [(n)] String of (0<n<=8000) Characters
NCHAR [(n)] Fixed-length Unicode Char data(each
char stored in 2 Byte), MAX=4000
NVARCHAR [(n)] Varying-length Unicode Char data
(each char stored in 2 Byte),
MAX=4000
TEXT [(n)] Fixed Length String up to 2GB(each
char stored in 1 Byte)
NTEXT [(n)] Large character data, MAX Bytes=230
(eachDatabase Programming in 2 Byte)
Adavnced
char stored 11
12. Binary Data Types (4 Types)
Data Type Explanation
BINARY [(n)] A bit String of fixed length with exactly
n bytes (0<n<=8000)
VARBINARY [(n)] A bit String of Variable length with
exactly n bytes (0<n<=8000)
IMAGE [(n)] A bit String of fixed length with
Unlimted values (231 Bytes)
Can contain(audio/video, modules
Bit Boolean Data type(True, False, NULL)
TEXT/Image Contain any image type With Text
Adavnced Database Programming 12
13. Maximizing Data Types with MAX
Where MAX=230
VARCHAR(MAX)
NVARCHAR(MAX)
VARBINARY(MAX)
Adavnced Database Programming 13
14. Date & Time Data Types (2 Types)
Data Type Explanation
DATETIME Date & Time Stored in (4 Bytes)
SMALLDATETIME Date & Time Stored in (2 Bytes)
Date ( MM DD YYYY )
EX. “January 1 2007” OR ‘January 1 2007’
‘1959 MAY 28’
Using SET DATEFORMAT dmy
Time ( hh:mm AM or PM)
EX. 8:45 AM, 4 pm
Adavnced Database Programming 14
15. Derived Data Types (2 Types)
Data Type Explanation
TIMESTAMP Maintains a current value for each
DB which increments whenever any
row with a timestamp column is
inserted or updated
Used to determine the relative time
when rows where last changed
SYSNAME Name of DB objects in the system
catalog
Adavnced Database Programming 15
16. Miscellaneous Data Types
Cursor: Used in stored procedure
UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: for Data Replication
SQL_VARIANT: Store Values of Different Data
Types
TABLE:
Store Rows with several & different values
SQL Server Restrict its usage in: Local Variable &
User-Defined Functions
XML: Store XML Document in a DB
Adavnced Database Programming 16
17. Predicates
A logical condition being applied to rows in a
table with Values of : True, False, unknown
or Not applicable
All Relational Operators
BETWEEN Operator
IN Operator
LIKE Operator
NULL Operator
ALL and ANY Operator
EXISTS function
Adavnced Database Programming 17
18. Aggregate Functions
Applied to a group of data values from
different rows, and returns a SINGLE value
AVG: Applied on numeric values Only
MAX,MIN: Applied on numeric, String, Date/Time
values
SUM: Applied on numeric values
COUNT: Counts number of non-null data values
COUNT
in a column (only Function not applied to a
Column, its applied to rows)
COUNT_BIG: Returns same as COUNT but in
BIGINT data type
Adavnced Database Programming 18
19. Scalar Functions
Used to construct Scalar expressions
(operates on a single or list of values)
Numeric Functions
Date Functions
String Functions
Text/Image Functions
System Functions
Adavnced Database Programming 19
20. Scalar Functions: Numeric Functions
Function Explanation Function Explanation
LOG (n) Logarithm of n EXP(n) =en
ACOS(n) Arc COS(n) Cosine,Float
cosine,Float
ASIN(n) Arc sine,Float SIN(n) sine,Float
ATAN(n) Arc Tan(n) tangent,Float
tangent,Float
CEILING(n) Smallest Floor(n) Largest integer
integer value value less or
greater or equal to n
equal to n
DEGREES(n) Converts Database Programming
Adavnced
Radians( Converts 20
21. Scalar Functions: Numeric Functions
Function Explanation Function Explanation
Power (x,n) =x n Sign(n) Return -1 for
negative & +1
for positive
PI() Return (3.14) ABS(n) Absolute Value
RAND Returns SQUARE =n2
random (n)
between 0 - 1 SQRT(n) =√n
(float)
Adavnced Database Programming 21
22. Scalar Functions: Date Functions
Function Explanation
GETDATE() Returns system Date & Time
DATEPART( Returns specified item of a date
item,date) Ex. Select datepart(weekday,’01.01.2005’)=1
DATENAME Returns specified item of a date as a
(item,date) character string, Ex. Select
datename(weekday,’01.01.2005’)=Saturday
DATEDIFF Returns the difference between dat1 & dat2 in
(item,dat1, integer Num of item
dat2) Ex. Select datediff(year,birthday,getdate())
DATEADD(it Adds the number of units itemto date
em,number, Ex. Select dateadd(day,3,birthdate) AS Age
date) from Employee Programming
Adavnced Database 22
23. Scalar Functions: String Functions
Function Explanation
ASCII (ch) Equivalent ASCII code of ch
CHAR(integer) Equivalent Character of ASCII integer
LOWER(z) Convert all uppercase to lowercase
Ex. Select lower(“BIG”)=big
UPPER(Z) Convert all lowercase to uppercase
Ex. Select upper(“big”)=BIG
RIGHT(z,length) Returns length characters from z
Ex. Select right(“notebook”,4)=book
Adavnced Database Programming 23
24. Scalar Functions: Text/Image Functions
PATINDEX (%pattern%,expr)
Returns an integer value specifying the position of
the string pattern in expr
Ex. Select patindex(%gs%,’longstring’)=4
Adavnced Database Programming 24
25. Scalar Operators
~ NOT
& AND
| OR
^ XOR
Adavnced Database Programming 25
26. Installing SQL Server 2005 . . .
Installing Default Server
Installing Multi other Instances(Named
Instances)
Adavnced Database Programming 26
