2. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?
Development of technologies to exploit the distinct
property enhancement observed at nanoscale such that the
following benefits are observed:
Improvements to existing products in terms of performance
or value
New functionality paradigms
Improve our control and understanding of processes
5. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
Objectives
To increase combustion efficiency; Travel
range per unit fuel or save fuel cost
To reduce unwanted emission
To have a secured supply; Technology
should be amenable for local manufacturing
6. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
Catalyst is a substance that accelerate a
chemical reaction and itself is not consumed by
the overall reaction. It provides an alternative
route of reaction where the activation energy is
lower than the original chemical reaction
When the catalyst is homogeneously mixed in
the fuel, it is known as fuel borne catalyst
7. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
Cerium Oxide as a Fuel Borne Catalyst
Cerium-oxide (ceria) is a catalyst widely used in
petroleum cracking, metal alloying,
semiconductor polishing, car catalytic converters,
etc.
When Ceria is mixed in fuel to promote fuel
combustion, it is called FBC (Fuel Borne
Catalyst)
8. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
How Cerium Oxide acts as a Catalyst?
Provides highly reactive surface atomic oxygen during
transformation from stoichiometric +4ve state to +3ve state
with relatively low required activation energy
Fluorite structure is retained and is readily be reoxidized back
to CeO2 in oxidizing environment
Used as an oxygen storage material in catalysis via the
following reaction:
2CeO2
Ce2
O3
+ O
Its REDOX properties have promoted combustion and
reduce Nox
as:
Hydrocarbon Combustion: (2x+y)CeO2
+ Cx
Hy
→ (2x+y)Ce2
O3
/2 +
CO2
+ H2
O
Soot Burning: 4CeO2
+ Csoot
→ 2Ce2
O3
+ CO2
NOx Reduction: xCe2
O3
+ NOx
→ 2xCeO2
+ N2
11. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
Nano Cerium Oxide as Fuel Borne
Catalyst (FBC)
In 2003, Health Effects Institute of USA has listed nano-
CeO2
FBC as amongst the highest recommended fuel-
additive technology for improving diesel engine emission
Advantages
Environment
Reduce undesired pollutants & burnt less fuel per
traveled distance
Operation
Improve Range and hence Cost
Nano-CeO2 has large surface area, its light weight helps
form stable suspension & avoid wear
12. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
Product and Properties
Catalyst requires sufficient surface area during reaction to
be effective. Reduction leads to loss of its effectiveness
A new method is developed for nanopowder synthesizing
process, HYBRID PLASMA
This method of synthesizing Ceria provides more stable
surface area at high temperature, consistent catalytic
activities in combustion chamber and hence performance
13. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
Product and Properties-Contd.
Data shows the specific surface area shrank only <15%
when they were heated to 800°C
The surface stability, in return provides consistent higher
catalytic activities at high temperature environment
The technology also provides area to disperse the
nanopowder into high concentration slurry and readily
disperse into fuel at high dilution ratio,1:20,000
14. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
Published Ceria BET Values at Different
Temperature
Market Utilized Ceria:
400ºK = ~70-m2
/gr
1,000ºK = ~10-m2
/gr
NSI Produced Ceria:
300ºK = 123-m2
/gr
1,073ºK = 113-m2
/gr
Experimental TPR profile (right) and surface area drop (left) of three
different samples of ceria : high surface area (▲.---), medium surface
area (▄,--), low surface area (●,---)
15. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
Testing Facilities @ Internal Combustion Lab; Inst.
Transportation Engineering
Hanoi Univ. of Technology; Vietnam
Appointed Lab by Vietnam's EPA
System Specification:
One Cylinder Research Engine
Austria, AVL 5402 engine with
PUMA& EMCON computerized
control system
Parameter
Diameter: 85mm
Stroke length: 90mm
Volume: 510.7CC
Combustion Ratio: 17.1:1
16. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
NSI's FBC Laboratory Test
Test Procedures
Test ran on April 2008 with
Vietnamese open market diesel
Data Averaged according to ECE
R49 Test protocol: 13 running
modes
Data taken at
Normal diesel
Immediately added FBC (t=0)
After 20hrs of continuously running
at 1,800-rpm @ 50% load (t=20)
After another 36hrs of continuously
running at 1,800rpm @ 50% load
(t=56)
Additive resulted with fuel contains
<10pmm of CeO2
nanoparticles
17. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
F u e l i m p r o v e m e n t v s e n g i n e r u n n i n g ti m e
0 . 0
1 . 0
2 . 0
3 . 0
4 . 0
5 . 0
6 . 0
7 . 0
8 . 0
9 . 0
4 2 0 5 6
E n g in e r u n n in g t im e ( h r s )
Fuelimprovment(%)
Test Results @ HUT, Vietnam
T o t a l h y d r o c a r b o n ( T H C ) e m is s io n
0 %
5 %
1 0 %
1 5 %
2 0 %
2 5 %
0 2 0 5 6
E n g i n e r u n n i n g ti m e ( h o u r s )
Percentageimprovement(%)
C O e m is s io n
-1 0 %
-5 %
0 %
5 %
1 0 %
1 5 %
2 0 %
2 5 %
0 2 0 5 6
E n g i n e r u n n i n g t i m e ( h o u r s )
Percentageimprovement(%)
O p a c ity In d e x
0 %
5 %
1 0 %
1 5 %
2 0 %
2 5 %
0 2 0 5 6
E n g in e r u n n in g tim e (h o u r s )
Percentageimprovement(%)
18. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
Test Results @ HUT, Vietnam
N O x e m is s io n
-1 0 %
-8 %
-6 %
-4 %
-2 %
0 %
2 %
4 %
0 2 0 5 6
E n g i n e r u n n i n g tim e (h o u r s )
Percentageimprovement(%)
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
- 9 0 - 8 0 - 7 0 - 6 0 - 5 0 - 4 0 - 3 0 - 2 0 - 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0
C r a n k a n g l e [ d e g r e e ]
Pressure[bar]
p _ c y l i n d e r _ D i e s e l
p _ c y l i n d e r _ C e O 2 _ L 1
p _ c y l i n d e r _ C e O 2 _ L 2
p _ c y l i n d e r _ C e O 2 _ L 3
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
- 9 0 - 8 0 - 7 0 - 6 0 - 5 0 - 4 0 - 3 0 - 2 0 - 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0
C r a n k a n g le [ d e g r e e ]
Pressure[bar]
p _ c y l i n d e r _ D i e s e l
p _ c y l i n d e r _ C e O 2 _ L 1
p _ c y l i n d e r _ C e O 2 - L 2
p _ c y l i n d e r _ C e O 2 _ L 3
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
- 9 0 - 8 0 - 7 0 - 6 0 - 5 0 - 4 0 - 3 0 - 2 0 - 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0
C r a n k a n g l e [ d e g r e e ]
Pressure[bar]
P _ C y l i n d e r_ D i e s e l
p _ c y l i n d e r_ C e O 2 _ L 1
P _ C y l i n d e r_ C e O 2 _ L 2
p _ c y l i n d e r_ C e O 2 _ L 3
19. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
Test Results @ HUT, Vietnam
Results
No adverse effects on the engine are observed
after 56hrs running
Fuel consumption reduces gradually from ~1.5% to
7.7% after 56hrs of running with additive
Particulate emission reduces ranges 10%-20%
Carbon monoxide emission increases first but
reduces after 20hrs of engine running with FBC; an
indicative of burning off the deposited carbon
Total hydro-carbon emission reduces >10%
Combustion pressure profile moving closer to 0th
-
crank angle and peak value increases at 1,400rpm.
However, changes at higher rpm is not significant.
Nitrogen oxides emission is fluctuate and not
consistence
Notes: Current diesel engine is designed to be very efficient.
Effective of additive depending on engine design & operating
condition
20. Fuel Nano-Additive
Technology
The Companies Behind
NSTC ( Nano Science and Technology Consortium ) is
India’s only Nanotechnology platform which associates
various stake holders and helps in harnessing the potential
of Nanotechnology for common man and Industries. NSTC
represents various nanotechnologies in India which are
developed by world renowned companies.
JV Partners
NanoScience Innovation Pte Ltd is a Singapore
nanotechnology company has patented unique Ceria
particles production technology along with the dispersion
methodology which has resulted into engine efficiencies
along with reduction in various emissions.
nDure Technologies is an Australian nanotechnology
company providing solutions and services in various
Nanotech. areas.