2. One of the ten most common cancers in the
world.
High frequency: in central and south east asian
countries like bangladesh,India,Sri lanka and
Thailand.
In India, incidence is 12.48/lakh of males and
5.52/lakh of females.
Mortality: 3.48/lakh in males and 1.34/lakh in
females.
3. 1. Tobacco: approx. 90% cases in south east asia- linked to
usage of tobacco.
During 1966-77, a epidemiological survey studied 30,000
individuals over 3 districts of ernakulam(kerala),
srikulam(andhra) and bhavnagar(gujarat). Risk– 36 times
higher.
2.Alcohol: high concentrations – increased incidence.
3.Pre cancerous stage: like erythroplakia, leukoplakia etc. which
can be detected 15 yrs prior it changes to an invasive
carcinoma.
4. 4. High risk groups: include Tobacco chewers, bidi smokers, using
tobacco in the form of betal quid and those sleep with tobacco
quid in the mouth.
5. Cultural patterns: Indigenous forms of smoking are bidi,
chutta(cigar), chilum, hookah(hubble,bubble).
In India, tobacco is chewed as betal quid – consists of betal leaf,
arecanut, lime and tobacco.
Another type of cancer - in eastern coastal regions of Andhra
pradesh – is epidermoid carcinoma of hard palate - Associated
with reverse smoking of cigar.
5.
6.
7. 2nd most common cancer among women.
5,24,000 cases all over the world in 1995 – In
India, 80% of cases.
Higher incidence in Latin America, Sub-saharan
Africa and South east asia.
8.
9.
10. a. the disease :
b. causative agent :
human papilloma virus.
found in > 95 % of cases.
11. Age : in women 25 to 45 yrs.
Genital warts : present or past occurrence.
Marital status : in those who are single, more likely
widowed,divorced or separated and having multiple sexual
partners.
Early marriage, early child bearing and repeated child
birth – inc. the risk.
OCPs : inc. duration of use and high dose of estrogen.
Socio – economic status : in lower economic groups due to
poor genital hygiene.
