Warming the Earth's Atmosphere: Causes, Effects, and Solutions
The phenomenon of atmospheric warming, commonly referred to as global warming or climate change, has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental challenges of our time. It is primarily driven by human activities that increase the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to significant and potentially irreversible changes in climate patterns. This essay explores the causes, effects, and potential solutions to this critical issue.
Causes of Atmospheric Warming
The primary cause of atmospheric warming is the enhanced greenhouse effect, which occurs when certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere trap heat from the sun. The most significant greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and fluorinated gases. Human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have dramatically increased the levels of these gases. Key contributors include:
Burning of Fossil Fuels: The combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas for energy and transportation is the largest source of CO₂ emissions.
Deforestation: Trees absorb CO₂, and large-scale deforestation reduces the planet's capacity to absorb this greenhouse gas, while the burning and decomposition of trees release additional CO₂.
Agriculture: Agricultural practices, such as livestock farming, produce significant amounts of methane and nitrous oxide.
Industrial Processes: Various industrial activities release GHGs, including the production of cement, steel, and chemicals.
Effects of Atmospheric Warming
The impacts of atmospheric warming are profound and widespread, affecting natural ecosystems and human societies globally. Some of the most significant effects include:
Rising Temperatures: Global average temperatures have increased, leading to more frequent and intense heatwaves. This can result in health problems, reduced agricultural yields, and increased energy demand.
Melting Polar Ice and Glaciers: Higher temperatures cause the melting of ice in polar regions and glaciers, contributing to sea level rise. This threatens coastal communities with increased flooding and erosion.
Ocean Acidification: The absorption of excess CO₂ by the oceans leads to acidification, which adversely affects marine life, particularly organisms with calcium carbonate shells or skeletons.
Extreme Weather Events: There is an increase in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events such as hurricanes, droughts, and heavy rainfall. These events can cause significant damage to infrastructure, disrupt food and water supplies, and displace populations.
Ecosystem Disruption: Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can alter habitats and affect biodiversity, leading to shifts in species distributions and the potential extinction of vulnerable species.
Solutions to Mitigate Atmospheric Warming
Addressing atmospheric warming requires a multi-faceted approach that combines mitigat
The phrase “heat transfer” refers to the distribution and changes in temperature that result from the transport of heat (thermal energy) induced by temperature differences. The study of transport phenomena focuses on the interchange of momentum, energy, and mass through conduction, convection, and radiation.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
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Similar to Warming the earth and the atmosphere.pptx
The phrase “heat transfer” refers to the distribution and changes in temperature that result from the transport of heat (thermal energy) induced by temperature differences. The study of transport phenomena focuses on the interchange of momentum, energy, and mass through conduction, convection, and radiation.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
3. Temperature and Heat Transfer
*Temperature refers to the degree of hotness
or coldness of an object or a substance,
typically measured using a scale such as
Celsius (°C) or Fahrenheit (°F).
Temperature
4. The energy associated with this motion is
called kinetic energy, the energy of
motion. The temperature of the air (or any
substance) is a measure of its average
kinetic energy.
Simply stated, temperature is a measure of
the average speed (average motion) of the
atoms and molecules, where higher
temperatures correspond to faster average
speeds.
5. If we warm the air inside, the molecules would move faster,
but they also would move slightly farther apart— the air
becomes less dense, as illustrated in the picture above.
Conversely, if we cool the air back to its original temperature,
the molecules would slow down, crowd closer together, and
the air would become more dense.
7. Heat
is energy in the process of being
transferred from one object to another
because of the temperature diff erence
between them.
In the atmosphere, heat is transferred
by conduction, convection, and
radiation.
8. CONDUCTION
• Conduction is the transfer of heat energy through a substance
or between substances that are in direct contact with each
other.
• In conduction, heat energy is transferred from higher
temperature regions to lower temperature regions within the
material.
• This transfer occurs due to the collision of particles within the
material, where faster-moving particles collide with slower-
moving particles, transferring kinetic energy.
11. CONVECTION
• Convection is the transfer of heat energy through the movement
of fluids (liquids or gases) caused by density differences within the
fluid.
• It involves the transfer of heat energy from one place to another
by the actual movement of the heated fluid.
• Convection occurs in fluids because heated fluids become less
dense and rise, while cooler fluids become denser and sink,
creating circulation patterns known as convection currents.
12.
13. RADIATION
• Radiation is the transfer of heat energy through electromagnetic
waves, such as infrared radiation, without the need for a
medium to carry the heat.
• Radiation does not require direct contact between objects and
can travel through space, allowing the Sun's energy to reach the
Earth.
16. ABSORPTION
• Definition: Absorption refers to the process of a
substance absorbing energy, typically from
electromagnetic radiation such as light.
• Mechanism: Atoms, molecules, or materials absorb
specific wavelengths of light, causing their electrons to
transition to higher energy states.
17. EMISSION
• Definition: Emission refers to the release of energy, often
in the form of electromagnetic radiation, by a substance.
• Mechanism: Excited atoms, molecules, or materials return
to lower energy states, emitting photons of specific
wavelengths.
18. EQUILIBRIUM
• Definition: Equilibrium occurs when the rates of
absorption and emission of energy by a substance
are balanced, resulting in no net change in energy.
• Mechanism: At equilibrium, the number of absorbed
photons equals the number of emitted photons,
maintaining a steady state.
23. 1. It refers to the release of energy, often in the form of
electromagnetic radiation, by a substance
2. It occurs when the rates of absorption and emission of energy by a
substance are balanced, resulting in no net change in energy.
3. It refers to the process of a substance absorbing energy, typically
from electromagnetic radiation such as light
4. Main source of energy
5. The transfer of heat energy through a substance or between
substances that are in direct contact with each other
6. The transfer of heat energy through the movement of fluids (liquids
or gases) caused by density differences within the fluid.
7. The transfer of heat energy through electromagnetic waves, such
as infrared radiation, without the need for a medium to carry the
heat.
8. It refers to the degree of hotness or coldness of an object or a
substance.
9-10 Two main reason why we have seasons.