UAVs have been operating since 1996 in Indian Armed Forces . Although there is a huge limitation in the development of the communication system for a wireless HD video and data telemetry link for real time surveillance in BVLOS operations.. What are the main components required for the basic transmission of video and data link? What are the parameters on basis of which such link should be feasible for long range communication? This paper focuses on integration aspects and comparison of the components and its parameters by conducting tests on a UAV set-up.

1. INTEGRATION ASPECTS OF TELEMETRY
SYSTEM FOR LONG RANGE UAV
APPLICATIONS
Parnika Gupta1
Research Intern Dept. of Electrical Engineering IDEA LABS, IIT Kanpur, India (2019)1
Abstract—UAVs have been operating since 1996 in Indian
Armed Forces [1]. Although there is a huge limitation in the
development of the communication system for a wireless HD
video and data telemetry link for real time surveillance in BVLOS
operations. [2]. What are the main components required for
the basic transmission of video and data link? What are the
parameters on basis of which such link should be feasible for
long range communication? This paper focuses on integration
aspects and comparison of the components and its parameters
by conducting tests on a UAV set-up.
Index Terms—UAV, wireless HD video, data telemetry link,
camera, transceiver, antenna,
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
ADE Aeronautical Development Establishment
AES Advanced Encryption Standard
AOTM Auto Object Tracking Module
AVC Advanced Video Coding
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying
CBR Constant Bit Rate
CCD Charge-Coupled Devices
CMOS Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor
CODEC Coder-Decoder
CTS Clear To Send
DRDO Defense Research Development Organization
EIRP Effective or Equivalent Radiated Power
EO/IR Electro-optical/ Infrared
FCC Federal Communications Commission
FFT Fast Fourier Transforms
FPS Frames per second
GCS Ground Control Station
GIS Geographic Information System
HD High Definition
HDMI High-Definition Multimedia Interface
IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformsFast
IMU Inertial Measurement Unit
ISM Industrial, Scientific and Medical
LOS Line of Sight
MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group
MTOW Maximum Take-Off Weight
MSL Mean Sea Level
NAL National Aerospace Laboratories
NLOS Non-Line of Sight
NMOS N-type Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor
NTSC National Television System Committee
FDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
PAL Phase Alternating Line
PTZ Pan-Tilt-Zoom
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Key
RCA Radio Corporation of America
RS232 Recommend Standard number 232
RSSI Receiver Signal Strength Indicator
RTL Return To Launch
RTS Receive To Send
SMA Sub-Miniature version A
TTL Transistor-Transistor Logic
UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
USB Universal Serial Bus
VBR Variable Bit Rate
VTOL Vertical Take-Off and Landing
BVLOS Beyond Visual Line of Sight
I. INTRODUCTION
Telemetry systems are integral part of UAV as a surveillance
system, in the remote areas where human access is very
limited. Primarily developed by military for surveillance in
electronic warfare, air warfare and intelligence search & rescue
operations, now drones span their application in different areas
like leakage monitoring for oil and gas pipelines, spraying
insecticides in agriculture, aerial photography for GIS and
biodiversity studies, water bathymetric studies, volumetric
analysis of mines etc [3].
Designing a long range video and data telemetry links
though a quite challenging task with many trade-offs among
different parameters like cost, latency, power consumption,
hardware complexity and data rate. While the latest research
has been able to produce transceivers for over 100 km
range for video and data telemetry that are available online.
LAKSHYA- 2, NISHANT and RUSTOM are some of the UAV
surveillance systems developed in India for border surveillance
with constant efforts of ADE, DRDO and NAL [4]. Major
military applications are border surveillance, payload delivery

2. (bomb, first aid, guns, bullets etc), reconnaissance, target
tracking and recognition etc [5].
UAVs are the bird-shaped fixed wing drones and generally
preferred over rotor or multi rotor drones due to their longer
range, larger endurance time and less acoustic and infrared
signatures which are boost for hiding from the satellite. Small
UAVs which comes under 2-25 kg weight class are easier
to carry and most popular among the surveillance activities
around the globe [6]. Although these UAVs lack to deliver
high quality image and video data due to lower data transfer
rates over longer distances with limited bandwidth. Most of
the international defense organizations still face problem in
developing a robust data link service for long range video
transmission.
This paper majorly concentrates on the integration aspects
of video and data telemetry system for a general purpose UAV.
Drone communications can be classified into four main types,
Drone-to-Drone (D2D), Drone-to-Ground Station (D2GS),
Drone-to-Network (D2N), and Drone-to-Satellite (D2S). In
this experiment, our objective to test the long range video and
data transmission system was carried using Drone-to-Ground
Station communication [7]. A dedicated video telemetry sys-
tem consists of three major components: Airborne Camera,
Airborne and ground Transceiver along with associated an-
tenna and a ground control software. In Fig. 1 for down-link
transmission, the system should be capable of transmitting
video signal from UAV to GCS and for up-link transmission,
the system should be capable of transmitting command (data)
signal from Ground GCS to UAV.
Rest of the paper is arranged as follows: Section II de-
scribes the components of the telemetry system and detailed
description of their important parameters. It also explains the
integration aspects of the experimental setup and interfaces of
the telemetry system in Section III. There are experimental
results and comparison of desired versus available parameters
of the components that affects 20-30km range of video and
data transmission in Section IV followed by Section V that
concludes the paper.
II. COMPONENTS OF TELEMETRY SYSTEM
A data and video telemetry system may be divided into three
main components- Transceiver, Antenna & Camera
There is the detailed analysis of the main parameters of
these components that affects long range transmission of data
and video.
A. Camera
Camera is the main sensor used in a video telemetry system.
Digital cameras are generally used for recording video and
capturing images of terrain from UAV so that further image
processing is possible.
Many military operations are preferred at night, therefore,
dual sensor Electro-optical/ Infrared (EO/IR) cameras are used
which allows thermal imaging at night.
Since UAVs comes in various sizes, the suitable camera
should be chosen accordingly.
diag.png
Fig. 1. Video and Data Link System for UAV
Main requirement of camera is based on the following
parameters:
1) PTZ: The camera should be capable of PTZ for captur-
ing a larger aerial view of the target from a higher altitude.
For this 3-axis gimbals are preferred over 2-axis ones due to
higher stability. Accurate 3-axis (x, y, z) gimbal is required for
the proper aerial video recording since they have three motors
for the stabilization in all the 3-axis. Zoom is considered
when the UAV is desired to perform a surveillance mission
for International territories.
2) Night vision: Generally infrared (IR) sensors are used
for night vision which detect infrared energy through the lens
which is interpreted by camera. Lens focuses IR light into
an IR sensor array and thousand of sensor arrays convert the
energy into image. Night vision cameras are mandatory for
carrying night missions especially in military forces, to keep
an eye on the movement in sensitive areas.
3) SD card: SD card slot allows the on-board video
recording so that the camera is able to record large size video
for longer duration that is capable of recording the raw video
data in desired format.
4) FPS: FPS is usually in NTSC and PAL colour standard
depending upon the geographical location. NTSC format is
used in 24, 30 and 60 fps whereas PAL format is used in 25
and 50 fps. 60 fps is used for sports or drones in order to see
slow motion; 30 fps in television, news, industrial videos; 24
fps in cinematography whereas 25 fps is generally used for
the broadcast. [18]
5) Shutter speed: Shutter speed is the amount of time
shutter takes to open and it is preferable to be always higher
than the fps to avoid the frame duplicity. [19] This parameter
plays a major role in deciding the number of pictures UAV
can capture for a given speed and altitude maintaining a safe
overlap distance among subsequent images, later processed for
creating digital elevation model, surface model, terrain models
etc for a land survey.

3. 6) Image Sensor: Individual pixels are bigger in size
giving better dynamic range, therefore larger the sensor better
is the resolution. The pixel absorbs the light and it is converted
into digital image signal. Thus the image signal is directly
proportional to the amount of light absorbed providing less
noise with the bigger sensor. Also larger sensors provide
better low light performance. The camera is categorised from
its image sensors: CCD or active pixel sensors and CMOS.
CMOS are preferred due to higher processing speed and low
power consumption for drones. [8]
B. Ground and Airborne Antenna
An antenna is a transducer between a guided wave and
a radiated wave, or vice versa. The structure that ”guides”
the energy to the antenna is most evident as a coaxial cable
attached to the antenna. The radiated energy is characterized
by the antenna’s radiation pattern.
Here two types of antennas are used: Airborne and Ground
antenna. Both these antennas should operate in the same
frequency as the transceiver.
1) Airborne Antenna: These antennas are integrated on
the UAV. Generally the omni-directional antennas are
preferred due to their light weight and non-conductive
outer covering.
2) Ground Antenna: These antennas are integrated on
the GCS transceiver. Generally it is directional and are
preferred in order to send the command signals to a
longer distance.
Main requirements of antenna is based on the following
parameters:
1) Material: Airborne antenna material should be able to
sustain harsh conditions of higher altitude at which the UAV
is going to fly [10].
2) Diversity: In horizontal and vertical polarisation the
electro-magnetic wave directions are parallel and perpendic-
ular to the earth respectively. Antennas should be aligned
in such a manner that the ground and airborne antenna are
parallel to each other so that their radiation pattern collides
with each other and thus helps in reducing signal loss. Antenna
is recommended to be separated by some distance so as to
maintain spatial diversity of approx 25cms apart from each
other.
3) VSWR: Voltage Standing Wave Ratio is amount of
energy which is transmitted to the amount of energy received
which should be closer to one [9] i.e. we require same or more
energy to be transmitted than that is received from the source
antenna by the receiving antenna. VSWR greater than 2 shows
the poor transmission of the antenna.
4) Gain: Gain of the antenna decides the transmissive
energy of the signals. Higher the gain, longer the transmissivity
of the signals.
5) Directionality: Most important factor in antennas is
the energy radiated in a particular direction. For this they
are categorised as directional and omni-directional antennas.
Directional antenna radiates its energy more effectively in one
(or some) direction than others. Typically, these antennas have
one main lobe and several minor lobes i.e. these concentrates
all their energy in one direction which makes is appropriate
for the ground antennas. These are patch and dish antennas.
Omni-directional or non-directive antenna is sensitive but with
limited gain due to doughnut shaped radiation pattern making
it feasible for using as airborne antenna. Although in the
presence of obstacles the elevation pattern is highly distorted,
therefore positioning of the antenna on the UAV is very
important in order to get the best coverage and directionality
while operating. These are monopole, dipole and co-linear
antennas.
6) Power: Power of the antenna is the combination of
transmit power and the antenna gain provided there is no
loss in the cable. FCC’s maximum limits for EIRP should
be considered for better performance of antenna. [11]
C. Ground and Airborne Transceiver
Transceiver is the combination of transmitter and receiver
module both at ground station as ground transceiver and the
UAV as airborne transceiver.
Main requirements of transceiver is based on the following
parameters:
1) Frequency: Transceiver frequencies are generally 2.4 or
5.8 GHz, where 2.4 GHz is ideal bluetooth and other WLAN
applications and 5.8GHz is used to reduce the probability of
interference with the routers and other network devices around
for better results. Both 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz are open world
wide [17]. But data transmission normally occurs in VHF
and UHF frequencies, which have tendency to travel longer
distances. In India 433 and 868 MHz [17] falls in unlicensed
category, but due to unavailability, module of 900MHz is used.
2) Range: Range of long distance wireless data or video
transmission depends on the region at which UAV is going
to operate, like in case of military applications transceiver
is required to provide good data communication and better
video quality for a desired distance. Unfortunately due to
curvature of the earth there are many geographical obstacles
for a wireless connection.
A Fresnel zone is one of the series of con-focal prolate
ellipsoidal regions of space between and around a transmitting
antenna and a receiving antenna system.
LOS means waves travel in a direct path from the source to
the receiver, since the data signal transmission requires straight
line to travel.
NLOS is radio transmissions across a path that is partially
obstructed, usually by a physical object in the innermost
Fresnel zone.
3) Data Rate: Data rate is the amount of data transmitted
per second in the form of audio, video, image, command signal
etc from UAV to GCS and vice versa. Bit rate affects the file
size and quality of the video to be received on GCS. It is
independent of the resolution, frame rate or CODEC which are
other factors that affect the quality of the image. For higher
quality higher bit rate should be used, since it compresses the

4. data accordingly and same applies to the frame rates, but there
is trade off between range and air data rate.
Therefore, suitable data rate should be selected for high
resolution video with more frame rate in order to receive
quality data.
a) CBR- In the case of constant bit rate, video is compressed
with same bit rate regardless of it’s content, in of the
video which is desirable in constant flow of information
like in real time monitoring or surveillance.
b) VBR- In the case of variable bit rate, frames chosen are
compressed accordingly, based on whether they require
less or more compression. This is done by the passes i.e.
number of times the CODEC has to check how much
compression is suitable for the frame. More number of
passes increases CODEC’s performance.
4) Bandwidth: Lower bandwidth or more congestion re-
sults in more compression and lower latency. Networks with
high bandwidth and less congestion can support higher trans-
mission rates with less compression. Because compression
takes time and higher compression rate takes more time,
therefore latency is also affected. This compromises the quality
of the video.
5) Power Consumption: Desirable voltage rating is be-
tween 7-28 V DC and the current rating between 500mA to
1A This reduces the overall form factor of the lithium battery
used to power the system hence reducing the weight and space
required to accommodate the battery. Power consumption
should also be minimum.
6) Weight: Transceivers having high power are generally
heavier, adding up weight to the system. Therefore, an antenna
with higher gain is preferred for a long range transmission,
which also comes at the cost of it’s weight. So gain of antenna
and power of transceiver should be optimised for a lighter
system.
7) Encryption: Data encryption is required when the UAV
performs secret missions for security. There are many encryp-
tion algorithms like RSA, DES, 3DES and AES but AES is
widely used due to its long keys and faster speed [16].
8) Video Compression: CODECS are used to compress or
decompress file size, some of the common CODECS are H.264
(MPEG 4 part 10 or AVC), MPEG 2, etc. There are several
encoding compression standards but H.264 is preferred since
the video after decompression becomes much higher quality
than it was while compressing [13].
9) Modulation: Digital modulation is preferable over ana-
log modulation due to it’s immunity towards noise and inter-
ference, available bandwidth and permissible power.
Two types of modulation technique are required for data and
video telemetry:
a) Data modulation (data link) - BPSK [14]
b) Video data modulation (video link) - OFDM with QPSK
or QAM for the drone based transceivers [15]
Most transceiver developing companies prefer with OFDM
techniques which has variable data rates providing multi-path
resistant solutions.
10) Host interface: Some interfaces are necessary while
integration:
a) RS232/ USB: Required for the autopilot connection
b) HDMI/ RCA/ Ethernet: Required for the camera con-
nection
c) SMA: Required for the antenna
11) Temperature: Minimum and maximum temperature of
transceiver depends upon the region of application of UAV.
a) Minimum Temperature: Transceiver desired should
be capable of withstanding the minimum temperature at which
the UAV is operating.
b) Maximum Temperature: The maximum temperature
a transceiver can withstand depends on the hottest place UAV
is going to fly. For example places like Rajasthan records 51°C
or 123.8°F in 2016 [12].
12) System Latency: Latency is the amount of time
transceiver takes to travel across a network. Therefore,
latency of the system should be as low as possible in order
to avoid the delay occurring in sending the control and
command signals from GCS or in receiving video or data
from UAV.
III. INTERFACES IN TELEMETRY SYSTEM
A telemetry system consists of following interfaces:
A. Airborne Transceiver & Autopilot
The transceiver may consists of ports like Ethernet, TTL,
RS232, USB etc for interfacing the transceiver to the autopilot
of UAV. Pixhawk autopilot in data transmission system uses
TTL cables, therefore a USB to TTL or RS232 to TTL
converter is utilised when a TTL port is not provided in the
transceiver.
B. Airborne Transceiver & Camera
Camera may be connected via HDMI or TTL to transceiver
in video transmission system. Sometimes, video tracking mod-
ule is used for on-board object tracking and target recognition
which is interfaced via HDMI to transceiver.
C. Antenna & Transceiver
SMA is the interface which is primarily designed for 0-18
GHz, connecting antenna to the transceiver both for airborne
and ground unit.
D. Ground Transceiver & GCS
In video transmission system, ground transceiver and GCS
are connected via RCA to HDMI interface whereas in data
transmission, it is connected via TTL to USB interface.
IV. EXPERIMENT
Following experiment is conducted to explain the integration
aspects of telemetry systems for long range communication.
A. Technologies Used
The experiment consists of following components and setup:
1) Primary Components:

5. a) Fixed Wing VTOL UAV: UAV is developed by IIT
Aerospace team for testing, has a wing span of 1.8m, MTOW
of 5Kg and payload carrying capacity of 0.5Kg. It is powered
with five motors where four are used for VTOL and one at
rear for forward propulsion during cruise.
b) Radio Transmitter: The radio transmitter is used for
manual control of UAV. Its operating voltage is 7.4V and
its operating frequency is 2.4GHz. The transmitter has 16
channels out of which 4 channels are dedicated to control the
roll, pitch, yaw and throttle of UAV. It also has two auxiliary
switches, one three-way switch for Manual, Stabilize and Auto
mode and another one-way switch for RTL mode. In case the
UAV goes out of control, there is a manual toggle switch to
call it back to the home location. And its associated receiver
is placed inside the UAV connected to autopilot.
QX7.jpg
Fig. 2. Taranis QX7
c) GCS: GCS acts as a virtual cockpit. It is a software
application used for planning and executing the autonomous
mission of the UAV. This platform is used to build and
monitor flight. This software runs on a windows device and
enables wireless communication with the UAV. On flight
autopilot parameters may also be altered from here. It can
also be used to enable and disable the safety button. Here an
open source platform Mission Planner (Windows, Mac OS X,
Linux) is used for our experiment.
2) For Setup-1 (Data Transmission Components): The
system was operated at ISM band and has frequency range
of 902MHz-928MHz. This data link is configured with
mission planner GCS software at baud rate of 57600kbps.
The RFD900 modem power was 30dBm or 1000mW. Half
wave dipole antenna was used for both ground and airborne
unit having 3dBi gain. FHSS was used for the transceiver for
interference immunity and UART is used to connect Pixhawk
flight controller.
The components used as shown in figure 6 are:
a) Pixhawk 2.1 cube: In this experiment we have used
Pixhawk 2.1 cube as the flight controller. It is a redundant
system with three IMUs which is the combination of ac-
celerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer. GPS, barometer,
air speed sensor and current sensors are also attached to it.
Fig. 3. Pixhawk 2.1 Cube
b) Power module: A step down transformer which con-
verts two 6s batteries to 5V.
c) RFD 900 module: It is used to send control and
command signals from GCS to RFD 900, which is a long range
data telemetry module and has a transmission power of up to
1000mW. It contains two antennas, quarter wave monopole
antenna is usually used for airborne unit or space constrained
applications due to its miniature size and half wave dipole
omni-directional antenna of 3dBi gain is suited for ground
stations and large airborne applications due to its larger size.
Here, half wave dipole antenna is used for UAV as well as
ground station.
Fig. 4. RFD 900
d) Battery: It is used to power Pixhawk and its servo
rail.
e) Buzzer: It is used for auditory warning and signals
and is compatible with Pixhawk.
3) For Setup-2 (Video Transmission Components): Video
transmission system is operated at C band and has frequency
of 5621-5865MHz. The video link is interfaced with the
Eagle Swift camera. On-Screen Display controller is used
to manually change the channels for better reception and
transmission quality, to change the camera settings etc. The
video transmitter module has EIRP of 600mW.

6. The components used as shown in figure 7 are:
a) TS832 transceiver: This video telemetry module is
placed on UAV and sends down-link video data to the ground
transceiver connected to GCS.
b) Eagle RunCam Swift 2 Camera: It acts as first-
person view camera giving a cockpit view on UAV.
c) OSD: On-screen Display provides information like
camera battery status, RSSI signal strength, frequency channel
number of the video transmission system, horizon as well as
vertical altitude of the UAV on GCS screen.
d) Battery: 11.1V 3500mAh LiPo battery is used to
power the system. UAV is powered with 22.2V and 8000mAh
25C LiPo battery. The battery is connected to the power dis-
tribution board that is capable of powering all the propulsion
system and video transmission system on UAV. A 5V 6A
battery elimination circuit is connected to power Pixhawk
servo rail. Current sensor attached to the Pixhawk power
module helps in continuous monitoring of the battery status
from GCS.
B. Experiment Phases
Fig. 5. GCS
1) Phase-1 (Operation):
• With the Pixhawk flight controller powered and all the
avionics well calibrated, mission planner was used to plan
the mission for the UAV.
• UAV was set to perform autonomous operations with
vertical takeoff and landing.
• UAV was set to take off vertically upto 50m and then
it transitions to fixed wing mode and perform a flight as
planned, UAV was sent 2km away from the home location
and loitered during the landing phase inside a radius of
100m from home location.
• In data telemetry, failsafe was enabled, to fly back the
UAV to home location if it looses its signal from GCS.
2) Phase-2 (Observation):
• Initially when the on-board video transmission module
was powered it was at an ambient temperature, but as the
pre-flight preparation progressed which lasted for about
5min, the airborne transmitter got heated. This although
did not cause any issue at the receiving end but the
heating issue is the matter to be considered so as to
safeguard other avionics, and thus it was placed now at
the belly of the UAV where the module was exposed to
air.
• As the flight progressed the video reception at the ground
terminal was satisfactory. After 0.5Km of travel, video
jitters are observed and after 1km, UAV flew out of
LOS. UAVs mission was still continued as the control
and command data were still being received at the GCS.
• When the UAV was about to complete its 2km mission
it regained the video signal back before 0.5m of landing
point.
C. System Overview
1) Setup-1 (Data transmission system):
• UAV is capable of autonomous flight and supports custom
mission planning through GPS way-point.
• RFD 900 data telemetry system is used as the critical
control and command link of the UAV.
Fig. 6. Data Transmission System
2) Setup-2 (Video transmission system):
• Our UAV is integrated with the video transmission system
for a live video feed from the on-board camera.
• This system has an on board video transmitter connected
to the camera and the receiving module at the ground
station.
• Live video feed is monitored in a separate screen
which is connected via RCA connector from the ground
transceiver.

7. Fig. 7. Video Transmission System
D. Available Experiment Parameters VS Desired Values
1) Transceiver
Transceiver Desired In Data In Video
Parameter Parameter Telemetry Telemetry
Frequency 5.8GHz 0.9GHz ≈5.8GHz
Range Maximum >40km 5-8km
Data Maximum 4-250 NA
Rate Kbps
Bandwidth Maximum 20MB 8MB(Video)
6MB(Audio)
Power 7-28V 5V 7-24V
Supply
Power Minimum 1W 0.6W
Consumption
Weight Minimum 14.5g 36g (Tx)
85g (Rx)
Encryption AES128 AES128 NA
Host RS232 RS232 NA
Interface HDMI NA RCA
SMA SMA SMA
Temperature -32◦
C -40◦
C(min) -10◦
(min)
+85◦
C(max) +85◦
(max)
TABLE I: Parameter comparison of Transceiver component
2) Antenna
Antenna Desired In Data In Video
Parameter Parameter Telemetry Telemetry
Material Thin plastic /
fiberglass NA NA
Directivity Horizontal &
Vertical YES YES
Bandwidth 10MB(Video) 57.6MB 8MB
50MB(Data)
VSWR >1 & <2 NA NA
Gain >0.5 / ≈1 3db 2db
Directio- Directional Omni- Omni-
nality (Ground) Directional Directional
Omni(Air)
TABLE II: Parameter comparison of Antenna component
3) Camera
Camera Desired Actual
Parameter Parameter Parameter
PTZ Required NA
Mode
Night IR enabled NA
Vision
SD Card Available Not Supported
FPS NTSC 60fps NTSC/PAL
NTSC
Shutter Maximum NTSC: 1/60 100,000
Speed PAL: 1/50 100,000
Imager Large as 1/3” CCD SONY
Sensor possible SUPER HAD/CCD
TABLE III: Parameter comparison of Camera component

8. E. Precautions for Ground Integration Testing
1) Always plug the connector as per its polarity or this may
burn out the transceiver.
2) Antenna should be fitted to the transceiver before pow-
ering the system.
3) Airborne antenna should be kept away from any carbon
composite structure as this conducts the signals.
4) Airborne antennas should be kept vertically downward to
get maximum signal strength and minimum probability
of communication failure.
5) Antennas on board should be kept away from other avion-
ics so to avoid electromagnetic noise and interference.
6) Keep appropriate distances between different electronic
devices during installation to minimize the electromag-
netic interference.
7) The camera should be fully charged to ensure normal
video output.
8) Make use of electromagnetic shielded cables
V. CONCLUSION
For data transmission we have used an antenna of 3dB and
were able to achieve the data upto 2km with minimal latency,
but as per our observation the antenna with higher gain and
directivity could give us a much better result.
Based on the antenna theory we have recognised that a
directional patch or yagi antenna with gain ranging between
10-20db would minimise the loss of data transmission due to
spatial and polarisation diversity.
Lower bandwidth antenna is not suitable for video trans-
mission, hence we have to use separate video transmitting and
receiving module which was operated at 5.8GHz as the 900
Mhz transceiver did not support video transmission, although
it has the capacity to travel longer distances. Hence, there
is a need of a transmission module which would essentially
work at lower and unlicensed frequency, which also meets the
territorial frequency regulations of the country for transmitting
video data over longer distances.
There is a need to have an integrated transceiver system for
both the video and data transmission system which will have
a single transceiver module operating at a single frequency
having enough bandwidth and supports multiple antenna
configurations further minimising the operational complexity
and space constraints on board UAV.
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