by Caitriona Lyons

1. Leica Biosystems Proprietary Information.
For Research Use Only. Not For Use in Diagnostic
The Power of Digital
Pathology
In Research.
Caitríona Lyons PhD.

2. Leica Biosystems Proprietary Information.
For Research Use Only. Not For Use in Diagnostic
Introduction
2
• Caitríona Lyons PhD
• Based in Dublin, Ireland
• Current Role:
• Product Manager Image
Analysis, Leica Biosystems
• Previous Roles:
• Product Owner Image Analysis,
Leica Biosystems
• Image Analysis Specialist, Leica
Biosystems
• Education
• BSc (Hons) Biomedical Science
• PhD Medicine and Health
• Postdoc Immunology

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Agenda
• History of Pathology
• What is Digital Pathology
• Power of Digital Pathology
• Leica Biosystems Role in Digital Pathology
• The Future of Digital Pathology
• Final Thoughts
3
SCAN
MANAGE
ANALYZE

4. Leica Biosystems Proprietary Information.
For Research Use Only. Not For Use in Diagnostic
History of Digital Pathology
4
• Pathology has been around
for over 100 years
• Telepathology has been
around for nearly 50 years
• Past decade: a true digital
transformation has been
happening
• Whole slide imaging
technology
• Advances in software
applications
• Integration into different
environments

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For Research Use Only. Not For Use in Diagnostic
What is Digital Pathology
5
• Acquisition, management,
sharing and interpretation of
pathology information in a
digital environment
• High-resolution digital
images are captured with a
scanning device that can be
viewed on a computer
screen or mobile device
• Both bright-field and
fluorescent images can be
captured

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The Power of Digital Pathology
• Access to the right expertise on the
right slide with the right tools
• Efficient workflows
• Remote access
• Ability to view your images and data
from anywhere
• Freedom from the microscope
• Quantitative Image Analysis at a
level of detail impossible by eye
• Maintain integrity of data
• Searchable digital archive
6

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The Power of Digital Pathology
• Tools to flag and help review
complex or unusual slides / cases
• Annotation of slides
• Automatic micron measurement
• Easy, accurate measurement of
features
• Number, color and intensity
• View multiple slides side-by-side 7

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Power of Digital Pathology: Slide
Scanning
8
• Maintains the integrity of
the tissue on the slide
• High to low throughput of
glass slides
• Walkaway scan protocol
• Scans almost any
brightfield or fluorescent
stains
• Supports 1x3 and 2x3 glass
slide formats

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Power of Digital Pathology: Image
Management
9
• Images and data generated
from the scanner can be
meaningfully organized into
specimens, cases and
projects
• Library of images
generated from scanner is
now:
• Searchable
• Accessible
• Controllable

10. Leica Biosystems Proprietary Information.
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Power of Digital Pathology: Image
Analysis
10
• Utilizes the managed
images with image analysis
applications to:
• Identify cohorts of cells
• Identify and score specific
assays
• Phenotype cells
• Provides a permanent
record of your results for
every cell on a digital slide
• Results that are:
• Reproducible

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Power of Digital Pathology: Image
Analysis
11
• Identification of cohorts of
cells, like infiltrating
lymphocytes and tumor in
breast H&E tissue
• Identification and Scoring of
specific assays, such as PD-
L1 membrane stain in
annotated regions of
interest of lung tumor
• Cell phenotyping, in this
instance of cultured rat
neurons based on antibody

12. Leica Biosystems Proprietary Information.
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MANAGE
Deployment OptionsEnterprise Sharing and Expert Collaboration
Aperio eSlide Manager
(On-premise)
Scanning & Hosting LOCAL
Single site
HUB & SPOKE
Multi-site
ANALYZE IHC & FL IHC
Protein Biomarkers
RNA ISH & FISH
Molecular Biomarkers
GENIE BF & FL
Tissue Morphology
SCAN
OIL / FLUORESCENCE /
BRIGHTFIELDBRIGHTFIELD
Aperio VERSA
(BF & FL Combo)
Aperio LV1
(Live View)
Aperio CS2
(Compact)
Aperio AT2
(High Throughput)
Throughput
Leica Biosystem’s Role in Digital
Pathology
Aperio GT 450
(High Throughput)

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Aperio GENIE – Machine Learning
Algorithm
13
• Uses Machine Learning
• Identification /
Quantification of Disease vs
Normal
• Uses include oncology,
toxicology, nephrology, injury
& inflammation
• Rapid / Consistent
Annotation of Tissue(s)
• Heterogeneous samples
• Limited access to expert
review
• Validation or QC
Aperio GENIE

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Artificial Intelligence – AI
 John McCarthy in the 1955 proposal for the 1956 Dartmouth Conference
 “…every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can in
principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to
simulate it…”
Machine Learning – ML
 Arthur Samuel, an IBM scientist, in 1959
 “…field of study that gives computers the ability to learn without being
explicitly programmed...”
Deep Learning – DL
 1965 – 1st deep learning model was
developed by Alexey Grigoryevich
Ivakhnenko and Valentin Grigorevich
Lapa
The Future of Digital Pathology:
Artificial Intelligence

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The Future of Digital Pathology
15
AI may provide the solution:
• Aids in research
• Automates assay(s)
• Automates Image Analysis
• Data is ready and available
before the slide is open
Range of H&E supported
H&E Tumor mask from Prototype Cytokeratin – additional
ground truth to exploit

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Final Thoughts: The Power of Digital
Pathology
16
Removes bias
by allowing
quantitative
analysis
Allows you to
access your
images from
anywhere
Consolidates
your physical
slides with
digital images
Provides a
permanent
archive of
images
The Future
is Bright,
The Future
is Digital

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Thank You
17
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registered trademarks of Leica Microsystems IR GmbH. Aperio is a registered trademark of Leica
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and/or company names might be trademarks of their respective owners.
200608 Rev. A IMC-8281-REV A