1. The Emergence of The Old Dıplomacy: As the practies of fifteenth-century ıtaly gradualıty spread to the
rest of Europe,the transitions took place patchily both in space and time,but by the early eighteenth
century,most of the machinery of modern dıplomacy was in place.The emergence of the resident
ambassador to become the principal operatör in the system has been discussed. Payment and
Recruıtment: Resident ambassadors were reasonably well and regularly paid,and it was not expected
that the host would either grand them an allowance or provide accommodation for them or their
staff.As the appointment of resident ambassadors increased during the sixteenth century there was,as
has already been seen,a period during whıch only the Spaniards arranged a wide spread of
ambassadors.Resident ambassadors,and their staff,efficiently,the practice of fifteenth-century
italy.Nonethless,there were two clear diffrences.The emergence of the newly soverign state had
provoked changes in its goverment whıch placed great strains on its ruler and destroyed what was leftof
the medievelpolitical and economic relationships in society.The effect was to blur the lines of
responsibility in diplomacy and foreign policy as much as in any other area of goverment,and to expose
ambassedors to great difficulties,and freguent humiliations,as the power struggle,or sometimes power
vacuum,at home produced conflicting policies derived from several sources. Another difficuly arose out
of a casual attitude to the ownership and storage of state papers. Out in the resident embassy,the
preoccupation was,as it had always been,with the acguisition of information.From the 1550s
onward,thispursuit took on over greater significance as the separateness of states increased and their
hostilities grew,either beause of bids for European hegemony,or because of religious warfare,or
both.The rising tension understandably emphasized the duty of the resident to supply to his principal
more and better information than his rivals could do.To do this ,he needed official help. Officicial help
came in the form of a confidential secretary,employed by the ambassador personally,as were the other
staff,whose assistance took the from of making the embassy as freguented a centre of
entertainment,and thus of gossip,as the ambassador resources-usually streched-would permit.There
might also be young men seeking experience attached to embassies,who could spread the net more
widely. Unoffical help came in the from of imformation obtained from the court,even from
secretaries,whose internal guarrels and greed could be manipulated so as to produce it.Having obtained
all this information,sifted and evaluted it the next duty of the ambassedor and his secretary was to
convey their very freguent reports safely home,untapped by others.The early-sevetteenh-century
ambassy had learnt to go much trouble about security without notable success though it is worth
remembering that matters have not much imroved over time. The use of codes and ciphers had begun
guite early in the sixteenth century,earlier in İtaly,and techigues became much more sophisticadet by
the early seventeenth century and passed from the realm of magic and cabbalism to become a branch
of matematical science.Rulers were finding it convenient to use residents to negoitate minör
agreements instead of dispatching specially empowered special missions,and,while they stillexpected to
send an extraordinary embassy to conclude majör agreements or peace treaties,they were using the
man on the spot to prepare the graund by prior negotiation. Much of the business of the resident was
of a sort not poined towards any individual treaty,and not contemssion plated at all in the order theory
of diplomacy.He was the man counted upon to influence the policies,or perhaps simply the attitudes,of
the goverment to which he was sent in assense favourable to his own to minimise frictions,to win
concessions,to achieve coperation and if the worst came to the worst,to sound the fırst warning that
things were getting out of hand,and that other pressures were reguired.As the seventeenth century
progressed,these considerations steadily turned the resident into the standart form of diplomatic
representative. Precedence: The representative character of the resident led to the development of
new aspect of diplomatic life,which was to last for over a century and became notorious:an apparently
obsessive preoccupation with precedence.The increasing emphasis on the representative character of
the resident ambassador determined that each ambassador would struggle for the highest position
relative to others on all occasions,but never more so than at formal,court functions. The Evolutıon Of
Dıplomacy Theory: The estabilishment of dıplomacy as a constant feature of international relations
based on the arrival of the resident embassy as its chief motive power,and the use that rulers had come
to make of it in pursuit of entirely independent,fully sovereign,foregin policies,began,perhaps rather late
in the day to induce a discussion about the political function of dıplomacy and dıplomats.