2. Facts about Coffee
Most popular beverage in the World
(over 1 billion coffee drinkers worldwide)
Global consumption => 6.7 million tons/year
3. Benefits of Coffee Consumption
Decrease the incidence of chronic liver disease (>2 cups/day) (1)
Protect against hepatic fibrosis in
Alcoholic steatohepatitis (↓ risk of alcoholic cirrhosis as non-coffee drinkers ) (2)
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (p=0.001) (3)
Obese patients (regular coffee, but not espresso) (4)
Chronic HCV (↓ liver fibrosis ) (5,8)
Reduction of HCC (41% ↓ risk of HCC among coffee vs never coffee drinkers) (6,7)
Prevent diabetes ( ↓ type II diabetes (p=0.05); 3-6 cups/d=> ↓ 25%
lower risk) (9)
Decaffeinated coffee can acutely decrease hunger(10)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Torres DM, Harrison SA, Gastroenterology, 2013.
Klatsky A, Armstrong MA. Am J Epidemiol 1992.
Birerdinc A. et al. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012.
Gressner OA. Gastroenterology 2010.
Huxley R. et al. Arch Intern Med 2009.
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
Bravi F. et al. Hepatology 2007.
Arauz J. et al. J Appl Toxicol 2012.
Freedman ND. et.al. Gastroenterology, 2011.
Panagiotakos D. et al. Rev Diabet Stud 2007.
Greenberg JA, Gleibter A, J Am Coll Nutr. 2012.
4. Benefits of Coffee Consumption
Prevent depression (3 cups/d, ↓ 15%) and increase motivation (1)
Memory improvement (2), increase cognitive performance and
remember (1)
Reduce risk/ no effect some cancers
Endometrial (↓ 29%), Pancreas (-), prostate (↓20%) (5, 6)
Decrease the risk of death
(> 400,000 people, age 50-71, follow up
14-year)
heart and respiratory disease
stroke,
injuries and accidents,
diabetes, and infections(7)
(1)
(2)
Cornelis MC, Progress in Mol Biol, 2012. (3) Barranco Quintana et al. Neurol. Res. 2007 (6)
Hameleers, P. et. Al. Human Psychopharmacology et al. Mov. Disord. 2007
(4) Hu
(7)
2000.
(5) Je Y, et. al. Int J Cancer. 2011.
(8)
Genkinger J et al. Cancer Epidem.Biomark. Prev. 2011.
Freedman ND, et al. N Engl J Med 2012.
Dostal V, Genetics, 2010.
5. Risks of Coffee Consumption
Late miscarriage and still birth in pregnancy (1,2)
Psychoactive (3,4)
Affecting sleep and nervous (3)
Nonfiltered/boiled coffee=> increase
cholesterol (5)
Continuous stomach problems (6) and diarrhea
Increase risk of coronary heart disease
mortality
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
>9 cups/d=> 2x in men, 5.1x in women) (7)
Coffee could be LETAL=> more than 100 cups in 4 hours!!!
American Institute for Cancer Research’e e-news, 2012.,
Wisborg K. et. al. MBJ 2003.
Nehlig A. et al. Res. Brain Res Rev1992.
Wikipedia
(5)
(6)
(7)
Cai L. et al. Eur. J. of Clin.l Nutrition, 2012.
Hendrick B, WebMD Health News, 2010
Tverdal A. et al. BMJ 1990.
6. The overall balance of risks and benefits of
coffee consumption are on the side of benefits
Let‘s go for a COFFEE
9. What is Coffee?
Overall, coffee is a good source of the B vitamin riboflavin, and is
also a concentrated source of antioxidant phytochemicals.
Coffee contains:
Chlorogenic acid, an antioxidant compound that is the major phenol in
coffee
Quinic acid, a phytochemical that contributes to the acidic taste of coffee
Cafestol and kahweol, compounds that are extracted from the beans' oil
during brewing. Unfiltered coffee, such as French press or boiled coffee,
contains these compounds
Caffeine, a naturally occurring stimulant that affects the central nervous
system
N-methylpyridinium (NMB), created by roasting, may make the
antioxidants more potent
Chlorogenic acid may be slightly lower in decaf coffee according to
limited research, but it still contains plenty of phytochemicals. Lab
studies suggest that instant may be lower in antioxidant potency than
brewed coffee, though more research is needed.
10.
However, UGT 1A gene induction by coffee takes place
independently from the caffeine content, and independent of
cafestol or kahweol.
11.
Amount of chlorogenic acids and melanoidins ingested with the
consumption of one cup of espresso or filtered coffee and putative
amount reaching the colon
Vitaglione P. et. al. Food Funct., 2012
Alternaatives:
Coffee: Medicine or Poison?
Coffee: Bad or Good for your Health?
Health is influenced by genetic, lifestyle, and diet determinants; therefore, nutrition plays an essential role in health management.
The antifibrotic properties of coffee have been demonstrated in Wistar rats, where coffee was shown to protect against liver injury induced by TAA, leading to reduced hepatic necroinflammation and fibrosis!
Coffee has also been shown to activate a family of enzymes involved in the hepatic detoxification process including uridine 5’-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT), with initial studies demonstrating that the diterpines were responsible for the activation of UGT!! (Glucuronidation is the major pathway in hepatic phase II metabolism)
Caffeine increases energy metabolism throughout the brain but decreases at the same time cerebral blood flow, inducing a relative brain hypoperfusion. Caffeine activates noradrenaline neurons and seems to affect the local release of dopamine.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL studies have indicated that coffee consumption may be protective in Alzheimer's (AD) (Barranco Quintana et al. 2007) and Parkinson's diseases (PD) (Hu et al. 2007).
The antifibrotic properties of coffee have been demonstrated in Wistar rats, where coffee was shown to protect against liver injury induced by TAA, leading to reduced hepatic necroinflammation and fibrosis!
Coffee has also been shown to activate a family of enzymes involved in the hepatic detoxification process including uridine 5’-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT), with initial studies demonstrating that the diterpines were responsible for the activation of UGT!! (Glucuronidation is the major pathway in hepatic phase II metabolism)
coffee’s reputation isn’t as black as previously labeled.
Schematic overview of proposed hepatoprotective molecular signaling pathways triggered by coffee and the ingredients therein. (I)
Caffeine mediated antagonism of TGF- signaling. Caffeine leads to an elevation of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentrations
resulting in enhanced ubiquitination/proteasomal degradation of the TGF- effector Smad2 by the ubiquitin–ligase Smurf2, which displays high
sensitivity toward this particular Smad as well as to the TGF- type I receptor complex, to which Smad3 is allosterically bound upon activation of the
receptor by its cytokine. (II) Coffee components stimulate Nrf2/ARE-regulated signal transduction. Caffeine phosphorylates Nrf2 via the MAP-kinase
pathway, and kahweol and cafestol initiate thiol modification of cysteine residues in Keap1, thereby disrupting the cytoplasmic Keap1/Nrf2 complex,
which results in a release of Nrf2 and in its translocation to the nucleus where it transcriptionally activates ARE-dependent genes, including several
phase II xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes such as UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and others. In this issue of
GASTROENTEROLOGY, Kalthoff et al show that the induction of UGT 1A by Nrf2 in the presence of various coffee preparations is not exclusively
dependent on caffeine or kahweol and cafestol, thereby triggering a new search for yet undiscovered Nrf2/ARE activating substances in coffee.
