The Politics of Web 2.0 - E-Government or state surveillance and cyber wars?

THE POLITICS OF WEB 2.0
E-GOVERNMENT OR STATE SURVEILLANCE AND CYBER WARS?
Mario Lubenka
Abitur Hessen 2015 – presentation exam
Political Science and Economy

22
STRUCTURE
• What is Web 2.0?
• Uses of the internet
• Internet in daily life
• Wisdom of the crowd
• Use for politics – Case study: Barack Obama
• Impact of the internet on political decisions
• eGovernment
• Risks of the internet
• Security issues
• NSA – Techniques and goals
• Cyber-war
• Internet laws
• “Territorial rights” – possession of the internet
• International Cyber Laws
• Conclusion
Mario Lubenka - Abitur Hessen 2015 - presentation exam - Political Science and Economy

3
WHAT IS WEB 2.0?
• Web 2.0 - Definition
• Uses of the Internet
• Risks of the Internet
• Internet laws
• Conclusion

44
WEB 2.0 - DEFINITION
Web 2.0
Social
Media
Crowd
Sourcing
Internet
Business
Collective
intelligence
Industry 4.0
Interaction, collaboration

5
USES OF
THE INTERNET
• Internet in daily life
• Wisdom of the crowd
• Use for politics – Case study: Barack Obama
• Impact of the internet on political decisions
• eGovernment
• Internet laws
• Conclusion

6
COMMUNICATION (SN)
• Creating and sharing content,
connecting with others
CROWDFUNDING
• realising own ideas
• demand => innovations
ECOMMERCE & EBANKING
• Shopping, Online Banking
• Stock market, forex trade
THE INTERNET IN DAILY LIFE
• Research/School/Education
• Entertainment
• Opinions (reviews, tests, …)
• …
• Politics?
OTHER USES:

77
• Starbucks
• Wisdom of the crowd (Collective Intelligence)
• feedback for improvement
• helped strengthening the brand and staying competitive – for free
• customers ≈ creative consultants
• Chance for politics
• Participation of the people
=> Key principle of a democracy
WISDOM OF THE CROWD

88
• use of social media (Twitter)
• 2008 election campaign
• @BarackObama – support
• Support for policies; respond to the public
• @WhiteHouse for presidential activities
• own “social network”: my.barackobama.com (2008)
• 2012: Reddit Ask Me Anything (AMA)
• 10 of 22.000 comments and questions answered
• Addressed unlikely voters
• Communication stream: People  Politics
USE FOR POLITICS:
CASE STUDY – BARACK OBAMA’S ELECTION CAMPAIGN

99
DIGITAL VS TRADITIONAL MEDIA
Survey on the frequency of media usage of Germany’s youth (14-29yrs) 2013, Statista.com
• Conveying political messages
Social Networks
talkativeness

1010
• Potential to change
• Organising protests
• 2006: supporting campaign for an Egyptian blogger
• February 2008: protests against the Marxist rebel group FARC
• 2011: Revolution in Egypt
• Online petitions
• 2009: against indexing and blocking of internet sites (Zugangserschwerungsgesetz)
IMPACT OF THE INTERNET ON POLITICAL DECISIONS

1111
EGOVERNMENT
• Digital administration
• Estonia
• First country with online elections
• 97% online banking
• High-speed internet = basic right
• Germany: eGovernment law
• 01.07.2014: acceptance of electronic
documents by federal and state authorities
• 01.01.2015: allowance of electronic
proof of identity
• 01.01.2020: digital records

12
RISKS OF THE INTERNET
• Security issues
• NSA – Techniques and goals
• Cyber-war
• Internet laws
• Conclusion

1313
SECURITY ISSUES
• 2007: Aurora Experiment (US Homeland Security)
• 2011: LÜKEX experiment (BSI)
• 2013: APG, Austria: almost blackout
• No attack – wrong command
• BELGACOM
• hacked by NSA and GCHQ
• Client: European Commission

1414
NSA – TECHNIQUES AND GOALS
• PRISM => email, videos, photos, files, social networks
• XKeyscore => real-time internet monitoring
• phone records
• Undersea Cable Tapping

1515
THE STRUCTURE OF THE INTERNET

1616
NSA – TECHNIQUES AND GOALS
• Goals („Black Budget“)
1. Cyber-espionage and mass surveillance
2. Gain access to critical infrastructure
3. Complete control over the internet
• Partnership with British GCHQ
• control over mobile networks
• Partnership with German BND
• Transfer and share of secret information (BND → NSA)
• BND can probably use XKeyscore

1717
CYBER-WAR
• Different concepts => different definitions
• „employment of computer network operations with the intent of denying
adversaries the effective use of their own computers, information systems
and networks“ (USA)
• Examples
• 1980: Russia => pipeline sabotaged and destroyed
• 2007: Estonia => digital infrastructure -> DDoS
• 2010: Iran => Reactor Turbines -> STUXNET

1818
CYBER-WAR
• Attribution problem
• Critical infrastructure
• internet exchange points
• no emergency calls
• >100 states developing cyber programmes
• e.g. Tunisia, Iran
• NSA: automatic reverse shot system

19
INTERNET LAWS
• “Territorial rights” – possession of the internet
• International Cyber Laws
• Conclusion

2020
• Names and numbers regulation
• Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
• No uniform Internet law
• How to behave: Etiquette in technology (“Netiquette”)
• Legal aspects: License agreements, copyright, legal preconditions
„TERRITORIAL RIGHTS“ – POSSESSION OF THE INTERNET
Shrinkwrap license clickwrap license Browsewrap license Terms of Service (TOS)
Local law
USA ✔ - EU ✖

2121
• no need for internet law
• Everyday cases in new technology?
• need for internet law
• Definitions of internet architecture and informal norms
• International standards
• mass surveillance ↯ Article 12 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
• 2002: Brussels Regulation
• uniform jurisdiction and enforcement
=> model for global internet jurisdiction(?)
INTERNATIONAL CYBER LAWS

2222
• Tallinn Manual
• NATO Cyber Defense Centre of Excellence (CCD CoE)
• Proposal for a „Law of Cyber War“
• Cyber warfare ≈ other military operations
• Response by military activities (rule 5.13)
• Act must be attributable to a state (rule 6.6)
• UN Charter Art 51 ✔
• Attribution problem ❢
• Tallinn 2.0
• sovereignty, jurisdiction, intervention
• International participation
INTERNATIONAL CYBER LAWS

23
CONCLUSION
Political implications of the Internet:
eGovernment or state surveillance & cyber war?
• Internet laws

24
Political chances of the internet
• Importance for the future
• direct contact to the people (Obama)
• potential to change; increased talkativeness
• wisdom of the crowd
• easier and cheaper administration (eGovernment)
Political risks of the internet
• security issues
• no uniform laws
• Tallinn 2.0 (?)
CONCLUSION

25
HTTPS://DONOTTRACK-DOC.COM

2626
SOURCES
• http://www.atlantic-community.org/app/webroot/files/articlepdf/Web_2.0_Change_Politics.PDF, 08.04.2015, 07:52 Uhr
• http://dare.uva.nl/document/466647, 08.04.2015, 07:54 Uhr
• http://www.heise.de/tp/artikel/42/42978/1.html, 08.04.2015, 08:18
• http://www.heise.de/tp/artikel/32/32707/1.html, 08.04.2015, 08:20
• http://wirtschaftslexikon.gabler.de/Definition/web-2-0.html, 06.05.2015, 21:54
• http://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/community/profile/sbo/Die-Luege-vom-rechtsfreien-Raum-Internet-id15158066.html, 06.05.2015, 21:56
• http://www.uni-muenster.de/Jura.itm/hoeren/materialien/Skript/Skript%20Internetrecht_April_2011.pdf, 06.05.2015, 21:59
• https://www.datenschutzzentrum.de/uploads/vortraege/20140128-Hansen-EuropaeischerDatenschutztag-BigDataBond-2.0.pdf, 06.05.2015, 22:13
• http://www.dirk-koentopp.com/downloads/saalbach-cyberwar-methods-and-practice.pdf, 23.04.2015
• http://motherboard.vice.com/de/blog/wie-man-das-rueckrat-des-internets-hackt, 16.05.2015
• http://www.cio.bund.de/SharedDocs/Kurzmeldungen/DE/2013/mitMS/e_government_gesetz.html, 08.05.2015
• https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/welcome-2012-02-25-en, 18.05.2015
• http://www.vox.com/2014/7/9/5880403/13-ways-the-nsa-spies-on-us, 19.05.2015
• https://nsa.gov1.info/surveillance/, 19.05.2015
• Rusdad, Michael L.: Global Internet Law in an nutshell, 2nd Edition, West Academic Publishing, 2013
• Cyberkrieg – Angriff aus dem Netz, Spiegel Geschichte, 2011
• Die Story im Ersten: Schlachtfeld Internet, ARD, 2015
• Interactive „Do not track“-Serie by Bayrischer Rundfunk and ARTE - https://donottrack-doc.com

2727
IMAGE SOURCES
• http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent.png, 27.03.2015
• https://oye2906.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/web-1-0.png, 27.03.2015
• http://i.cbc.ca/1.2951841.1423590880!/fileImage/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/16x9_620/twitter-newsweek.jpg, 01.05.2015
• http://www.francetvinfo.fr/image/754yxaqn4-efdf/1000/562/5944501.jpg, 01.05.2015
• https://www.flipkey.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/social-media-logos.jpg, 01.05.2015
• http://s3.amazonaws.com/Edcanvas/15349/local/webevolve.jpg, 01.05.2015
• http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Q5jA4W1xllE/TfIQ2nn1FLI/AAAAAAAAAOQ/R3Jm1DSf5XA/s1600/nobodyknowsyoureadog1.gif, 01.05.2015
• https://www.kaamranhafeez.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/23591.jpg, 01.05.2015
• http://i.imgur.com/oz0a7.jpg, 04.05.2015
• http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/x/politics-word-cloud-17738237.jpg, 05.05.2015
• http://i.imgur.com/gzKRtTt.jpg, 06.05.2015
• http://image.slidesharecdn.com/14-02-13-sia-trustedidforgovservices-140225050350-phpapp02/95/the-role-of-trusted-digital-identity-in-enabling-the-egovernment-2020-vision-22-638.jpg, 17.05.2015
• http://images.clipartpanda.com/empty-nest-clipart-9T4xyAETE.jpeg , 18.05.2015
• http://media.indiatimes.in/media/content/2013/Jul/166054890_1374059674_540x540.jpg, 18.05.2015
• https://termsfeed.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/adobe-flash-eula-accept-1.jpg, 18.05.2015
• http://www.softinterface.com/images/ShrinkWrap_WCX2.JPG, 18.05.2015
• http://lifeinlofi.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/instagram-TOS-1212.jpg, 18.05.2015
• http://thomasrid.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/fp.jpeg, 19.05.2015
• http://www.youtube.com/yt/brand/media/image/YouTube-logo-full_color.png, 17.05.2015
• http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Coursera_logo.PNG, 17.05.2015
• https://www.fractuslearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/udemy_logo_640-635x423.jpg, 17.05.2015
• https://techstuffiwant.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/lynda_logo-460x232.gif, 17.05.2015
• http://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/irol/17/176060/KindleLogos/Kindlelogo/scr2555-proj697-a-kindle-logo-rgb-lg.jpg, 17.05.2015
• Sherlock, Episode S02E03, BBC

THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION!
Mario Lubenka
Abitur Hessen 2015 – presentation exam
Political Science and Economy

29
INTERNET OF THINGS
SEMANTIC WEB („WEB 3.0“) VIRTUAL REALITY
FUTURE OUTLOOK

3030
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-m-eger/the-internet-of-everything-boring-but-so-important_b_7193622.html

3131
Data by user
• Registrations
• Likes, shares, wish lists
COLLECTION AND USE OF DATA
user profile
Data by tracking
• Cookies
• Unique Device-IDs
• smartphone
(GPS, accelerometer, gyroscope, …)
Digital Marketing
Selling on the
black market

3232
COLLECTION OF DATA

3333
CONDUCTING A CYBER-ATTACK
Cyber-attack
gain access
Cyber-espionage
acquire data
(and manipulation)
Cyber-crime
use data
keep access; infiltration
(malware, …)
hacking of passwords,
phishing, exploits, backdoors
Sony, T-Mobile,
credit cards
Theft of money,
identity theft, …
STUXNET, Duqu,
Flame, Regin
STUXNET, Duqu, PRISM,
XKeyScore, Tempora
Controlling cyber space
in case of conflicts (NSA)
Cyber-warattacks on and damage
of critical infrastructure

3434
IDENTIFYING AN ATTACK
• Attribution problem
• IP spoofing, botnets
• Digital fingerprint
• Code fragments
• Language, patterns, names

3535
DIGITAL FINGERPRINT – CODE ANALYSIS
1+2=?

3636
DEFINITIONS OF CYBER-WAR
• The Congressional Research Service:
“warfare waged in cyberspace. It can include defending information and computer
networks, deterring information attacks, as well as denying an adversary’s ability to
do the same. It can include offensive information operations mounted against an
adversary, or even dominating information on the battlefield.”
• Government security expert Richard A. Clarke:
“actions by a nation-state to penetrate another nation’s computers or networks for
the purposes of causing damage or disruption.”
• Former National Security Advisor and CIA Director Michael Hayden:
“deliberate attempt to disable or destroy another country's computer networks.”
• US Army: „extends cyber power beyond the defensive boundaries of the Global
Information Grid [=military network] to detect, deter, deny and defeat adversaries.
Cyber war capabilities target computer and telecomunication networks and
embedded processor sand controllers in equipment, systems and infrastructure.“

3737
CLASSIFICATION SCHEME BY
ANDREAS M. KAPLAN & MICHAEL HAENLEIN
• Six different types of social media
• collaborative projects (e.g. Wikipedia)
• blogs and micro-blogs (e.g. Twitter)
• content communities (e.g. YouTube, DailyMotion)
• social networking sites (e.g. Facebook)
• virtual game-worlds (e.g. World of Warcraft)
• virtual social worlds (e.g. Second Life)
• Mobile social media

3838
FACEBOOK‘S INFLUENCE IN POLITICS
• Saudi Arabia (2008)
• national hunger strike against the
kingdom’s imprisonment of political
opponents organised by a Facebook group
• Egypt (2011)
• nationwide work strike against the government
• USA (2008)
• Obama used Facebook to help build a following mainly among college students

3939Mario Lubenka - Abitur Hessen 2015 - presentation exam - Political Science and Economy

4040
OBAMA ON
•Started earlier with using Facebook
than his opponents
•$643,000 of $16 million Internet budget to promote his
Facebook account
•Hired Chris Hughes (co-founder of Facebook) to build his own
little social network
37.739.348
18.12.2013

4141
OBAMA ON
•Official Twitter account: @BarackObama
• used for election efforts
• run by #Obama2012 campaign staff
• Tweets from Obama signed with “- bo”
•White House's Twitter account: @WhiteHouse
• presidential activities
• e.g. posts about Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)

4242
OBAMA ON
•promote legislation and support for his policies
•Responds to the public regarding the economy and
employment
•06.07.2011: "Twitter Presents Townhall @ the White House” -
ask questions (#AskObama)
@BarackObama
(registered: 05.03.2007)
@SenJohnMcCain
@MittRomney
@WhiteHouse
12.06.2012 16.505.044 1.732.467 ~650.000 < 3.000.000
17.10.2013 38.360.833 1.843.382 1.545.603 4.286.193
16.11.2013 39.926.514 1.848.777 1.546.416 4.361.100
17.12.2013 40.570.755 1.852.638 1.549.359 4.433.183
08.04.2015 57.660.723 1.953.783 1.625.086 6.006.920

4343
MY.BARACKOBAMA.COM
• One key element of his success
• Every member had to upload a photo and provide information about him- or herself
• Create blogs, post photos, form groups
• Online tools for members to identify neighbours that might be potential voters and
report back on any resulting conversations
http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/anderkoo/files/2008/11/mybo.jpg
[!]

4444
MY.BARACKOBAMA.COM
• criticism
• collects data about the people (~Facebook)
• “Online tools for members to identify neighbours that might be potential voters
and report back on any resulting conversations”
-> privacy?, spying on the people
http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/anderkoo/files/2008/11/mybo.jpg

4545
MY.BARACKOBAMA.COM
2008 campaign
accounts to "organize their local communities on behalf of Barack Obama" 2.000.000
events organized 200.000
articles in blogs 400.000
videos that supported Obama were posted into YouTube via the official website 400.000
volunteer groups 35.000
donations (70.000 people) $30.000.000
Phone calls via the website’s virtual phone 3.000.000Mario Lubenka - Abitur Hessen 2015 - presentation exam - Political Science and Economy

4646
OBAMA ON
• 29.08.2012:
surprise half-hour visit
• Ask Me Anything (AMA) format:
3.8 million page views on the first page of his self-post
• 22.000 comments and questions;
10 he answered
• most difficult decision made during his first term
• a plan to end the corruption of money in politics
http://i.imgur.com/oz0a7.jpg
=> Obama's campaign addressed unlikely voters

4747
DEMOCRATISATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA
(„WEB DEMOCRATISATION“)
•Web democratisation
• the way people access and contribute to the Internet
•First: Internet for publishing; information flow in one direction
•opened up Web content
• active participation (e.g. comments, reviews, Wikipedia, …)
•15. century: printing press to publish own ideas
•nowadays: anyone can share his or her opinion and
participate in politics

4848
PROS OF DEMOCRATISATION
•real-life benefits
• Getting help on message boards
• Possibility to spread regional news
• old friends can reconnect and share memories
• everyone can participate (e.g. in politics)
• […]

4949
CONS OF DEMOCRATISATION
•Andrew Keen:
• tendency to believe that all our thoughts and feelings deserve to be posted,
read and discussed => digital narcissism
• „When everyone claims to be an author, there can be no art, no reliable
information, no audience. A flattened media is a personalized, chaotic media
without that essential epistemological anchor of truth.”
• Everything mixes -> no order -> anarchy
• faked likes/followers = manipulation
• rumors that @MittRomney bought followers
• DailyMail: statistics show that 50% of @BarackObama ‘s followers are fake
• not clear if a person (liker/follower) is real

5050
CONCLUSION
Pro Con
• real-life benefits
• Getting help on message
boards
• Possibility to spread
regional news
• old friends can reconnect
and share memories
• everyone can participate
(e.g. in politics) […]
• „digital narcissism”
-> anarchy
• manipulatable

5151
SOURCES ON SOCIAL MEDIA ATTACHMENT
• http://www.ovrdrv.com/social-media-map/ - 17.10.2013, 17:22 Uhr
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#Classification_of_social_media - 17.10.2013, 17:28 Uhr
• http://team1-gc.wikispaces.com/ARTICLE+-+Facebook+used+as+an+agent+of+political+change
– 15.11.2013, 23:51
• http://www.prismrank.com/twitter-social-authority/ - 16.11.2013, 01:42
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_media - 15.12.2013, 17:16
• http://www.usnews.com/opinion/slideshows/5-ways-new-media-are-changing-politics/2 - 15.12.2013, 22:15
• http://curiosity.discovery.com/question/democratization-of-web-mean - 17.12.2013, 19:10
• http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB118461274162567845 - 17.12.2013, 19:10
• http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2430875/Barack-Obama-19-5m-fake-Twitter-followers.html
- 17.12.2013, 20:01
• http://computer.howstuffworks.com/web-202.htm - 18.12.2013, 07:11

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