Esta presentación es del Temario que hize en el Colegio Americano de Guatemala en el 2009, con la presentación pase el examen con honores.

1. Por: Julián Chamalé
12-5

2. Índice
 Argumento
 Sandra Cisneros
 Enfoque
 El Proceso de Socialización
 Agentes de la Socialización
 Influencia de la Sociedad en el Individuo
 Roles
 Estatus
 Marginación
 ¿En qué consiste?
 Tipos de Marginación
 Influencia Sobre el Proceso de Socialización
 Estrategias Para Superarse
 ¿Cómo Facilita la Sociedad el Proceso de Socialización?
 ¿Porqué “The House on Mango Street?

3. “The House on Mango Street”:
Argumento
 Es una obra literaria que describe la historia de Esperanza Cordero. Su
casa, sus sueños, su barrio, y principalmente, sus ambiciones para algún
día vivir dignamente.

4. Sandra Cisneros
Nació el 20 de diciembre de 1954, en Chicago
Illinois
La única mujer de siete hermanos.
La experiencia de los latinos en USA
The House on Mango Street

5. Enfoque de la Autora
Estereotipos, normas y valores
• “…Nobody went to public school unless you wanted to turn out bad.”
(p.53)¹
Rol de la mujer
• “…I think that this is a Chinese lie because the Chinese, like the
Mexicans, don’t like their women strong.” (p.10)²
Marginación
• “Someday I will have a best friend all my own.” (p.9)³
Rol y Estatus
• “Just because I’m a daughter…” (p.92)´
¹ Cisneros, Sandra. The House on Mango Street. New York: Vintage Books, 1991.
²Idem¹
³Idem¹
´Idem¹

6. El Proceso de Socialización
Proceso Ejemplo Ref.⁵
Interrelacionarse “You want a friend, she says (…) I´ll be your friend.” p. 13
Conocimiento de la “Your abuelito is dead, Papa says early (…) está p. 56
Cultura muerto, and then (…) my brave Papa cries.”
Adquisición de “One of the boys invented the rules (…) You can´t get p. 96
Aptitudes y the keys back unless you kiss us…”
Normas
Interiorización de “…It was just a kiss, that´s all (…) she said.” p. 97
las Normas
Desempeño en la “…When you leave you must remember always to p. 105
sociedad come back (…) You can´t forget who you are (…) For
the ones who cannot leave as easily as you…”
µIdem¹

7. Agentes de la Socialización
Agente Ejemplo Ref.⁶
La Familia “And I think if my own Papa died what would you I do. I hold p. 57
my Papa in my arms…”
Otro “No, Alicia says. Like it or not you are Mango Street, and one p.107
Significante day you’ll come back too.”
Grupo de “But I like them. Their clothes are crooked and old…” p.14
Referencia
Grupos “She lets me read her poems. I let her read mine…” p.84
Múltiples
Grupos Pares “Down, down Mango Street we go. Rachel, Lucy, me. Our new p.16
bicycle. Laughing the crooked ride back.”
La Escuela “The Catholic high school cost a lot, and Papa said nobody p.53
went to public school unless you wanted to turn out bad.”
Medios de “And inside it would have real stairs, not hallway stairs, but p.14
Comunicación stairs inside like the houses on T.V…”
¶Idem¹

8. Influencia de la Sociedad en el
Individuo
Interre-
laciones
Estatus Normas
Sociedad-
Individuo
Perso-
Roles
nalidad

9. Roles
 Roles Adscritos: “…I don’t want to inherit her place by the window.” (p.11)·
Mujer
Hija
 Roles Adquiridos: “…I find an easy job…” (p.53)¸
Estudiante Asalariada Amiga Esperanza
·Idem¹
¸Idem¹

10. Estatus
 Adscritos: “I thought I would because he was so old…” (p.55)¹
Mujer Hispana* Adolescente
 Adquiridos:”Don’t talk to them, says Cathy.” (p.14)¹⁰
Clase Baja Estudiante Asalariada
¹Idem¹
¹⁰Idem¹

11. Marginación
“…Two girls raggedy as rats live across the street. You don´t
want to know them…” (p.12) ¹¹
¹¹Idem¹

12. ¿En qué consiste?
 Proceso resultante.
 Estructura social, política y económica.
 Sector o sectores.
 Condiciones marcadas.
 Debajo del promedio.
 Exclusión.

13. Tipos de Marginación
Tipos: Ejemplo: Ref. ¹²
Alternativa “I would like to baptize myself under a new name, a name p.11
more like the real me *…+ Something like Zeze the X will do.”
Evasiva “Marin lights a cigarette and it doesn´t matter if it´s cold out p.27
*…+ What´s matter, Marin says…”
Natural de “Hard to imagine her legs once strong, the bones hard and p.59
Exclusión parting water, clean sharp strokes, not bent and wrinkled like
a baby…”
Artificial de “…When my mother’s in a good mood (…) I’m going to ask to p.82
Exclusión by the nylons too.”
Cultural “Look at that house, I said, it looks like Mexico […] Before p.18
they can let out a laugh…”
¹²Idem¹

14. Influencia de la Marginación en el
Proceso de Socialización
“Someday I will have a best friend all my own. One I can tell my secrets to.
One who will understand my jokes without my having to explain them.
Until then I am a red balloon, a balloon tied to an anchor.” (p.9)¹³
¹³Idem¹

15. Estrategias Para Superarse
• “…She doesn’t want to spend her whole
Estudiar
life in a factory…” (p.32)¹´
• “One day I will say goodbye to Mango.”
Luchar
(p.110)¹µ
Administrar
• “I needed money.” (p.53)¹¶
el dinero
• “They will not know I have gone away
Identidad to come back. For the ones I left
behind…” (p.110)¹·
¹´Idem¹
¹µIdem¹
¹¶Idem¹
¹·Idem¹

16. ¿Cómo Facilita la Sociedad el
Proceso de Socialización?
 Tratando de asimilar las culturas.
 Imponiendo la meritocracia por capacitación.
 La búsqueda de la equidad de género.
 Estados representativos e incluyentes.
 La libertad de expresión.

17. ¿Porqué “The House on Mango
Street”?
 Una belleza de la literatura contemporánea.
 Irónica.
 Simbolista.
 Universal.
 Realista.
 Sencilla.

19. Julián Chamalé

20. Index
 Kind of Fertilization
 Embryonic Stage
 Length of Time of the Embryonic Stage
 Human Development
 Second Stage: Fetus’s Growth
 Fertility Rates
 Guatemala
 Contraceptives
 Abortion
 Why Carry Out an Abortion?
 Abortion Rates in the World
 Most Frequent Types of Abortion
 Abortion in Latin America
 Legal Abortion Rates in the World
 Guatemala’s Abortion Rate
 Ethics of Abortion
 My Opinion

21. Kinds of Fertilization
Natural
Man- Take an egg
Woman and a sperm
Sperm travel Fertilizing
to egg the egg in a
tube

22. Embryonic Stage
Zygote
• Sperm penetrate egg.
• DNA unique structure, 46 chromosomes. Twins.
Morula
• Cleveage.
• 4th or 5th day.
• 10 - 30 cells.
Blastocyst
• Fluid cavity.
• It hatches out of its shell
• Blastocyst implantation into the lining of the uterus can then begin.
Gastrulation
• Primary germ layers.
• Origin of organs

23. Length of Time of the Embryonic
Stage
60
50 Zygote
Morula
40 Blastocyst
Gastrula
Days
30 Embryo
20
10
0
Embryonic Stage
Source: www.religioustolerance.org

24. Human Development

25. Second Stage: Fetus’ Growth
Fetus’ Growth from 12th Week to
40th Week
12

26. Total Length of Time of the
Pregnancy by Stages
9
8
7
6 Embryo
Months
5 Fetus
4
3
2
1
0
Pregnancy
Source: www.religioustolerance.org

27. Fertility Rates
Guatemala World
4 3.59
3 2.61
2
1
0
Country Vs. World
Source: “The World Factbook”.
<www.cia.gov>

28. Guatemala
Difference between the number of women’s wanted children
and the number of children that women’s really have. The rate
in indigenous areas is higher than national rate .
Children per Woman
National Indigenous Rural Areas
Wanted Fecundity Rate
Real Fecundity Rate
Source: www.guttmacher.org

29. Contraceptives
Barrier Methods.
Hormonal and Chemical
Methods.
Combined Methods.
Intrauterine Device
(IUD).
Simple Methods.
Compound Methods.
Permanent Or
Irreversible Methods.

30. Abortion
 An abortion is the premature termination of
pregnancy resulting in the death of the
carried embryo or fetus.

31. Why Carry Out an Abortion?

32. Abortion Rates in the World
Rest of Europe
1%
East Europe
11%
Africa
31%
Latin American and
the Caribbean
36%
Rest of Asia
21%
Source: www.nzdl.sadl.uleth.ca

33. Most Frequent Types of Abortions
Vacuum Aspiration (MVA and D&C):
• Emptying the uterus with suction.
Medical Abortion:
• Take medicaments to expel the pregnancy.
Surgical Abortion (D&E and D&X):
• The fetus is removed from the uterus with surgical
instruments.

34. Abortion in Latin America

35. Legal Abortion Rates in the World
0 15 30 45 60
Source: www.johnstonarchive.com

36. World’s Abortion Rate
Source: IPF (Institutes for
Familiar Policies)

37. Ethics of Abortion
 PRO-LIFE and PRO-CHOICE.
 PRO-LIFE solution is to have the child and
basically live with it.
 PRO-CHOICE solution is abortion if they feel
the reasons are appropriate.

38. My Opinion
 I agree with PRO-CHOICE.
 Some cases like rape, abuse, kidnapping or
unwanted pregnancy.
 Women have the right to decide over their
own body.

39. Types of Diagrams
Diagram Interpretation & Drawing Advantages
Bar Diagram •Qualitative categories. •It is visually easy to
•Highest and Smallest understand.
Segmented Bars •One total, various categories. •Stages or divisions.
•How a date is compound for.
Grouped Bars •Two qualitative data, different •Compare two different
situations. situations in different
years/time.
Pie-Charts •Compare how a total is •Showing the
compound for. component parts of a
•Part/Total*360 degrees. quantity.
Ogive •Quantitative data. •Growing.
•Where data is growing. •Concentration.
Histogram and •Bars always touch. •Concentration of data.
Frequency •Quantitative data. •Shape of data set.
Polygon