1. INTRODUCTION: system any number of cars can be parked
floor after floor to reduce the wastage of
There are two types of car parking systems:
area. This is developed by using 8051
traditional and automated. In the long term,
microcontroller.
automated car parking systems are likely to
be more cost effective when compared to HISTORY:
traditional parking garages. Automatic
Over the years, car parking systems and the
multi-storey automated car park systems are
accompanying technologies have increased
less expensive per parking slot, since they
and diversified. Car parking systems have
tend to require less building volume and
been around almost since the time cars were
less ground area than a conventional facility
invented. In any area where there is a
with the same capacity. Both automated car
significant amount of traffic, there are car
parking systems and automated parking
parking systems. Car Parking systems were
garage systems reduce pollution cars are not
developed in the early 20th century in
running or circling around while drivers
response to the need for storage space for
look for parking spaces.
vehicles.
In the 1920s, forerunners of automated
Normally we can see in the multiplexes, parking systems appeared in U.S. cities
cinema halls, large industries, and function like Los Angeles, Chicago, New
halls there is problem they have to go and York and Cincinnati. Some of these multi-
search which line is empty and which line storey structures are still standing, and have
having place to park the vehicle, for parking been adapted for new uses. One of the Kent
then they need workers for parking in Automatic Parking Garages in New York
correct position it is the money consumed (now known as the Sofia Apartments is an
process. So to avoid this problem Art Deco landmark that was converted into
Automatic Car Parking System is luxury condominiums in 1983. A system
implemented. that is now found all over Japan — the
“ferris-wheel,” or paternoster system — was
created by the Westinghouse Corporation in
This system is used in big companies,
1923 and subsequently built in 1932 on
apartments, shopping malls. By using this
Chicago‟s Monroe Street. The nash motor
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2. Company created the first glass enclosed System Overview:
version of this system for the
Chicago Century of Progress Exhibition in The parking system is based around a
1933, and it was the precursor to a more micro-controller and U-shaped photo
recent version, the Smart Car Towers in sensors. It is quick and efficient in
Europe. operation. The micro-controller is interfaced
to the PC by serial port through ICL232
which is a dual RS-232
Transmitter/Receiver. Photo sensors, four-
phase stepper motor and micro-controller
control the entire operation of the car
parking control system collectively. The
seven segment display and serial interface is
used to display the number of cars in the
parking lot. Block diagram of the system is
shown in figure.
Fig1.1: block diagram of system overview
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3. Basic Components: circuit diagrams of the stepper motor are
also shown in the figures below
• Stepper motor
• U-shaped Photo Sensors
• Seven segment Display
• Serial Interfacing
3.1Stepper Motor:
A stepper motor is a digital device, in that
digital information is processed to
accomplish an end result, in this case,
controlled motion. It is reasonable to assume
that a step motor will faithfully follow
digital instructions just as a computer is
expected to. This is the distinguishing
feature of a step motor. Upward arrow shows counterclockwise
In essence, step motors are electrical motors stepping sequence. Downward arrow shows
that are driven by digital pulses rather than a clockwise stepping sequence
continuously applied voltage. Each pulse
equals one rotary increment, or step (hence, 3.2U-shaped Photo Sensors:
step motors), which is only a portion of one
complete rotation
This device has a compact construction
where the emitting-light sources and the
8-wire configuration: detectors are located face-to-face on the
8-wire configuration of stepper motor used same optical axis. The detector consists of
in Automatic car parking projects , the a phototransistor Transmitter is positioned
control is consisting of micro-controller opposite the receiver used for small
8051 and some other components in this distances and narrow objects
post you will learn how to configure a
stepper motor with 8 wire. Some useful
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4. 3.4Serial Interfacing:
3.3 Seven segment Display:
Thermo-controller is interfaced to the PC by
The seven segment display is found in many serial port through ICL232 logic level
electronic devices. It is just 7 LEDs that converter. An IBM compatible computer
have been combined into one case to make a and 89C51 microcontroller interface is used
convenient device for the displaying in RS-232 serial communication.
numbers and some letters RS-232 Serial Communication:
RS-232 is a serial communication standard
which enables data to be transferred in serial
form between two devices. Data is
transmitted and received in serial „bit
stream‟ from one point to another. Four
parameters specify an RS-232 link between
two devices.
These are baud rate, data width, parity and
stop bits and are described below.
• Baud rate: The baud rate (bits per second)
determines how much information is
transferred over a given time interval. A
baud rate is usually be selected between 110
Fig3.3: seven segment display and 76800 baud, e.g. a baud rate of 9600
corresponds to 9600 bits per second.
• Data width: The data width can be either 8
bits or 7 bits depending upon the nature of
data being transferred.
• Parity: The parity bit is used to check the
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5. correctness of the transmitted or received
data. Parity can either be even, odd, or no
parity bit can specify at all.
• Stop bits: The stop bit is used as the
terminator bit and it is possible to specify
either one or two stop bits.
Display and Serial Interfacing of
automatic car parking :
Seven Segment Display: Fig3.4: serial cable details
This hardware is used to display the number
of cars in the parking lot. Basically, this
board has six-segment display but using
only one display can do our work.
Microcontroller Port2 is use to handle the
display unit.
Serial Interfacing:
This unit is to display the number of cars in
parking lot on the computer. The computer
may be placed in any control room.
Serial cable is used in null modem mode.
We use the DB9 connector for serial
interfacing. In null modem mode pin 7,8 and
pin 6,4 are shorted with each other. While
pin 3 is used for transmit data and pin 2 for
reception
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6. Hardware working: whether the floors are fully filled with the
cars or is it having place in a particular floor
In car parking control system the basic or not. There is facility of lift to carry the car
emphasis on the control of stepper motor by to up and down. Movement of Lift is
blocking the sensors beam. Three sensors controlled by stepper motor. An indicator
are used to control one motor. Remaining with a green and red LED is kept in all the
hardware is use to display the number of floors to indicate whether the lift is busy or
cars in parking lot. Or in other words how is it ready to take the car up or down. If the
many times laser beam is blocked. red LED glows that means the lift is already
engaged and the person has to wait for the
green LED to glow.
The 8051 is the brain of this whole
hardware. It reads the input signals and start After this the seven segment display
sending the stepping sequences to the motor. incremented its value, which indicates that a
When the input beam of S1 is blocked motor car has entered in the parking lot. This
start rotating in clockwise direction. This display is basically for the people, which are
direction indicates the opening of the driving the car. Similarly, serial interfacing
barrier, where S1 indicates that a car has is also used to display the number of cars in
come. The S2 sensor is used as the gate the parking lot. This display is for the person
open limit sensor i.e. when S2=on it means in control room.
gate is completely opened. Then a delay
The exit gate motor will also work on the
routine is called so that a particular time is
same pattern. But after this the seven
adjusted for car to cross the gate. After that
segment display and PC decreased the
motor start rotating in counter clockwise
display number. This indicates that a car has
direction, which indicates that gate, is
left the parking lot.
closing now. Finally, when S3=on it
indicates that gate is completely closed now.
So motor will stop rotating.
A display is provided at the ground floor
which is basically a counter that displays
number of cars in each floor. It informs
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7. one. Lift comes back to its normal position
and that time, the motor that drives it , also
stops. Now processor sends signal to glow
GREEN LED indicating that lift is free.
If there no parking taking place, the
processor carries out the job according to the
following priority:-
1. It checks whether any password is
entered.
2. It checks whether any car is entered
to lift.
3. It checks whether any car headlight is
pressed in front of LDR placed in each
floor.
Fig4: block diagram of automatic car parking
Following are the main sections in this
model.
When a person needs to come down from a
4.1 Display section
particular floor to ground floor, he is
expected to focus the headlight onto the 4.2 Keyboard, indicator & Beeper section
LDR placed in that floor. Now sensor
section sends signal to motor that the lift has 4.3 Lift & motor section
to be send back to that particular floor and
4.4 Sensor section
sends a signal to glow RED LED indicating
that the lift is busy. As soon as the lift 4.5 LCD section
reaches that particular floor car should come
inside the lift, the display counter at the
ground floor decrements by one as to
indicate the floor capacity has increased by
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8. 4.1 DISPLAY SECTION: GREEN&YELLOW. The person, needed to
enter the password has to wait until the
This section displays the floor number along
GREEN LED glows and when it glows, he
with the number of cars which has been
has to press the “START” button first. This
already parked in that particular floor. So
time the RED LED glows. Then the person
whenever a car is ready to either come down
has to enter the password. As soon as it is
or go up, the program either decrements the
entered, the program checks it with the
count or increments the count automatically
already stored passwords. If it is correct,
according to the going up or coming down
YELLOW LED glows. If the entered
of a car. Display section is done by
password is wrong, beeper starts beeping
interfacing with 8255(PPI) of 8051.Here 3
signifying the incorrectness of the password
ports of 8255 are connected to three 7-
entered.
segment display. Block diagram of this
section is shown. The indicator section contains 2 LED‟s ,
RED & GREEN which are present in all the
floors. RED LED signifies that the lift is
presently busy and shall not entertain any
car to enter but if GREEN LED glows, it
suggests that the lift is ready and the car can
enter the particular floor. Beeper and LED's
are connected to port C upper of 8255.
One more advantage of beeper is that;
when a person tries to enter the lift
irrespective of finding the display section to
be FFF (means the floors are already filled),
program sends a signal to Beeper section
and it starts beeping indicating that he is not
Fig4.1: block diagram of display sec
supposed to enter the lift since all the floors
4.2 KEYBOARD, INDICATOR & BEEPER: are already filled.
In this section,12 switches are connected in
matrix form and it has three LED‟s , RED,
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9. 4.3 LIFT AND MOTOR SECTION:
In lift section, there is a light beam 4.5LCD SECTION:
and LDR to know whether a car has
entered the lift or not. When the GREEN LCD is used to display some messages
LED of indicator section glows, that means which is useful to car owners. Here 2X16
the lift is ready for the car to enter. When LCD ( Liquid Crystal Display) is used. This
the car enters the lift, the light beam falls on is used to display messages like
LDR present in the lift gets cut and it gives a
WELCOME TO CAR PARKING
signal that a car has entered the lift. Then
SYSTEM
program decides which floor lift has to go
and gives a signal to motor section. LIFT IS BUSY PLEASE WAIT
The motor section is a mechanical part PLEASE ENTER YOUR
of the model which is used for taking the PASSWORD
lift up/down. When the lift has to go up,
program gives the signal and the TYPES OF AUTOMATIC CAR
motor rotates clockwise and if it has to go PARKING:
down, it rotates anticlockwise.
• Lift Box Type
4.4 SENSOR SECTION:
• Park Type
Sensor section contains LDR's • Z Park
• ELEPARK
.These LDR's are connected to each floor to
• Elegant Park
give information if any car has to come
• Round Type
down. When a person needs to come down
• Various Types
from a particular floor to ground floor, he is
expected to focus the headlight the car onto
the LDR placed in that floor. When light
falls on LDR its resistance decreases.
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10. Lift Box Type: for shops, office buildings, and
apartment houses.
ELEPARK:
Elevator Type Car Parking System: The
combination of cutting edge
technologies realize compactness, and
low noise. Effectively utilizing open
spaces in urban areas.
• 2 Park Type:
• No digging required.
• No Hydraulic parts.
• Electric device
• Reliable & smooth operation.
• Requires minimum Maintenance.
Z-Park:
Multi-storied car parking system, where
space is utilized effectively at
comparatively lower cost, which is more
than twice that of the limited parking
space on the ground.
Abundant product lineup, including
the ascending/descending mechanism,
satisfies a wide range of parking needs
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11. Advantages of Multi-story car
parking system:
Automatic multi-storey car parks provide
lower building cost per parking slot, as they
optimum parking solution. A fast parking
typically require less building volume and
process in which the driver does not have to
less ground area than a conventional
facility with the same capacity. However, maneuver his car or drive backwards,
the cost of the mechanical equipment within guarantees highest comfort and security. A
the building that is needed to transport cars single lift serves 6 to 12 parking spaces per
internally needs to be added to the lower level taking up a minimum of space. Time-
building cost to determine the total costs. saving vertical and horizontal movements
Other costs are usually lower too, for take place simultaneously ensuring fast
example there is no need for an energy parking and
intensive ventilating system, since cars are
not driven inside and human cashiers or
security personnel may not be needed.
A multi-storey car parks offer greatest
possible flexibility for the realization of
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12. Limitations of a multi-storey car 6. However, larger municipalities now
require retention basins to catch runoff to
parking system:
reduce the stress on sewer systems.
1.The subjective analysis has shown that the
Many areas today also require minimum
greatest effects of a Multi-Storey Car Park
landscaping in parking lots. This usually
on Surrounding Residential Blocks are the
principally means the planting of trees to
air and noise pollution caused by the motor
provide shade.
vehicles.
7.Customers have long preferred shaded
2.Parking lots also tend to be subject to
parking spaces in the summer, but parking
contamination with concentrated spots of
lot providers have long been antagonistic to
pollutants such as motor oil.
planting trees because of the extra cost of
3.Also, they often cover large contiguous
cleaning the parking lot .
areas with impermeable paving surface. This
means that virtually all of the rain (minus
evaporation) that falls becomes runoff.
4. The parking lot must be built to
effectively channel and collect runoff.
5.Traditionally, the runoff has been shunted
directly into storm sewers, streams, or even
sanitary sewers.
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13. CONCLUSION: REFERENCES:
Automatic car parking is one of the 1. How car parking system works.
important factor in traffic areas, multiplexs, 2. Shannon Saunders McDonald
apartments, etc; Car parking system that is “Automated Parking Saves Space in
discussed here is automated without human Tight places.
being that means if the driver leaves it at the
3. Parking systems
starting of this system the elevator takes the
http://www.directpark.de
car to the parking slot.
4. Microcontrollers http://www.nxp.com
We have to used the equipments of
5. www.seminarsonly.com
microcontroller, Infrared transmitters and
infrared receivers for each and every parking 6. www.101seminartopics.com
slot, IR receivers should be connected to the 7. www.parking images.com
microcontroller.
Stepper motor plays a vital role in this
system for lifting the car and display i.e;
seven segment display is used at each and
every floor. Sensors are used for sensing the
car when it enters the areana and when it
leave.
Automated car parking is very useful in this
modern world where finding a small place
have become a big problem. This system is
present in DELHI, MUMBAI, BANGLORE
in our country.
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