1. Systems approach to Management Organization as a System receives Input, transforms it through a Process for Output and Operates in an Environment. Systems Management Environment Transformation Process Output Input `

2. Systems Management System Management views the organization as an entity that consists of interdependent relationships with internal and external subsystems. This is a view of ‘wholeness’ in which the organization is considered to be a microcosm that exist within an interdependent macrocosm. External Environment Organization Work Unit Sub-system System Macro-system

3. System Concepts System Boundaries and Subsystems Systems often consist of numerous subsystems Each subsystems has elements, interactions with other subsystems, and objectives Subsystems perform specialized task for the overall system

4. Outputs and Inputs and System Environment Outputs and Inputs Systems produced Outputs from Inputs Outputs of one subsystem become input to another system Outputs must adhere to standards to be useful or acceptable to the next subsystem System Management Environment consists of people, organization and other systems that supply data to or that receive data from the system Managers at different levels perceive ‘Environment’ differently

5. Functions Management skills Conceptual Human Resource Planning Influence Human relations Organizing Transformation Effectiveness Efficiency Control Technical Scientific management Management Science