Power is becoming a commodity that can no longer be taken for granted. On the other hand, our dependence on electricity is growing and even a few hours of power disruption has become unthinkable. An unscheduled interruption can cause immense damage besides accidents and loss of life. While it is impossible to guarantee 100% availability of power at all points in any system, vulnerable sections can be provided with alternative emergency power supply to ensure more reliable power availability, thereby avoiding the problems of power interruption. The objective of this workshop is to teach the basic facts about ensuring reliable power supply to critical systems using various available options. The solutions can vary from the simple diesel generating set as standby sources to superconducting energy sag support systems. Also, newer technologies like fuel cells are now available and are fast becoming mainstream solutions. Of course, all this comes at a price, which means that the solution must match the actual needs without excessive insurance and thereby optimise investments. This workshop will discuss how to save dollars by finding the right solution to your needs so that you invest just what is needed and where it is needed. This workshop will also briefly look at the design issues involved in planning the distribution of emergency power. MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/emergency-power-supplies-electrical-distribution-design-installation-and-commissioning-25

1. Emergency Power Supplies:
Electrical Distribution Design,
Installation and Commissioning
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2. Problems of Power Failure in Industries
• Primary intention of Power Utility -
Provide uninterrupted power
• Causes for interruption:
• Equipment failures and line faults
• System instability leading to tripping
• Deliberate tripping (usually
automatically) to save system collapse
• Natural causes - hurricane, earthquake,
flood
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3. Problems of Power Failure in Industries
• No power system can be guaranteed to be free
from interruptions
– Transmission line faults
– Equipment malfunctions
– Weather related failures
– Failures due to other external causes in exposed parts
of system
– Human errors
– System instability due to major disturbances
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4. Problems of Power Failure in Industries
• Outages more likely in a system without adequate
generation reserve
• No buffer storage possible for Electrical energy
• Frequency drop due to system overload
• Complete system collapse due to inadequate
system reserves
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5. Implications of Power Failure
• Accidents involving death or injury
• Damage to equipment
• Creation of potentially hazardous conditions
• Loss of production (not only for duration of interruption, also time
required to bring process to its pre-failure state)
Accidents that can result from a sudden interruption:
• Dropping of loads lifted by electromagnets
• Release of toxic materials
• Spillage of hot metal
• Explosions
• Runaway reactions
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6. Production behavior following an interruption of
power supply
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7. Implications of Power Failure
Can cause potentially hazardous situations:
• Loss of control power
• Loss of lighting in operational areas or exit
routes
• Loss of ventilation/exhaust systems
• Loss of signaling and alarms
• Loss of fire-fighting systems
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8. Costs of Power Interruption
• Direct Costs
– Costs due to lost man-hours
– Direct expenses due to death/injury
– Cost of repairs to damaged equipment
– Lost production
• Indirect Costs
– Legal costs - Accidents involving third parties/ quality
problems/ non-fulfillment of contract commitments
– Loss of good will
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9. Power Failure Problem Mitigation
• Problem mitigation
– Installation and use of adequate reserves
– Deliberate tripping by islanding schemes
– Advance preparation during natural calamities
– Proper equipment selection, maintenance
• Power supply restoration
– Auto-reclose operations (self clearing of transient faults)
– Switching to redundant feeders
– Starting standby generating sources
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10. Solutions for Power Failure
• Distributed generation capacity - Owned by Utility, Industries or
third parties
• Engine generators, gas turbines - Quick start, can take up peak
demands
Advantages
• Closer to load, not affected by transmission circuit problems
• Capable of being started, brought up to load faster
• Serve as standby sources
• Provide uninterrupted power when synchronized with utility
• Improve voltage profile in end-of-line distribution circuits
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11. Industrial Plant - Standby Generation
• Capacity to feed critical loads only
• Break before make Switch – Brief interruption during transfer
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12. Tolerance for Interruptions and Voltage/Freq.
Excursions
• Electrical equipment designed with tolerances in input
voltage parameters – Can take care of limited variations
• Desktop computers - Tolerate voltage fluctuations to some
extent
• By virtue of large capacitances
• Internal regulation circuitry
• Tolerance for voltage fluctuations - General industrial
equipment
• –10 to +6% for slow/sustained variations (sag/swells)
• Considerably more for short time disturbances
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13. CBEMA, ITIC and ANSI - Voltage Sensitivity
Curves
• Random data errors in computers due to voltage
variations
• Standard Curves
– Indicating voltage limits causing no ill effects, plotted
against time
– Earliest curves developed by Computer and Business
Equipment Manufacturers Association (CBEMA)
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14. CBEMA Voltage Sensitivity Curves
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15. ITIC Voltage Sensitivity Curves
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16. Practical System limits superimposed over
ITIC lower envelope
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17. ANSI Voltage Sensitivity Curves
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18. Uninterrupted Power, Emergency Power and
Standby Power
• Uninterrupted Power - Guarantees continuous power
without even a momentary break to connected loads
• Emergency Power - Minimum backup power for
emergency applications (emergency lighting, emergency
shut down systems, alarm systems, elevators, life safety
and security systems). Brief interruption can be tolerated
• Standby Power - Provision of substantial power to
maintain all production, business processes during short/
long power outages
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19. DO YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE?
If you are interested in further training or information, please
visit:
http://idc-online.com/slideshare
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