An introduction to Ethnocentrism & Enculturation from the Cross-cultural Psychology Perspectives. A Presentation summary based on the book from Matsumoto, D. & Juang, L. (2007). Culture and Psychology (4th Ed.). Wadsworth.

1. Hangzhou, January 2011
Prof. Dr. Hora Tjitra & Liu Jun, Zhejiang University
Ethnocentrism
&
Enculturation
Culture and PsychologyMatsumoto, D. & Juang, L. (2007).
Culture and Psychology (4th Ed.).
Wadsworth.

2. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Ethnocentrism: Definition and Development
2

3. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Ethnocentrism: Definition and Development
Ethnocentrism
The
tendency
to
view
the
world
through
one’s
own
cultural filters.
2

4. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Ethnocentrism: Definition and Development
Ethnocentrism
A
normal consequence
of
socializa+on
and
encultura+on.
The
tendency
to
view
the
world
through
one’s
own
cultural filters.
2

5. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Ethnocentrism: Definition and Development
Ethnocentrism
A
normal consequence
of
socializa+on
and
encultura+on.
As
we
become
enculturated,
we
learn
how
to
act,
how
to
perceive
and
interpret
how
other
people
act.
The
tendency
to
view
the
world
through
one’s
own
cultural filters.
2

6. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Ethnocentrism: Definition and Development
Ethnocentrism
A
normal consequence
of
socializa+on
and
encultura+on.
As
we
become
enculturated,
we
learn
how
to
act,
how
to
perceive
and
interpret
how
other
people
act.
By
the
+me
we
are
adults,
we
hardly
notice
the
culture
filters
in
our
mind.
The
tendency
to
view
the
world
through
one’s
own
cultural filters.
2

7. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Ethnocentrism: Definition and Development
Ethnocentrism
A
normal consequence
of
socializa+on
and
encultura+on.
As
we
become
enculturated,
we
learn
how
to
act,
how
to
perceive
and
interpret
how
other
people
act.
By
the
+me
we
are
adults,
we
hardly
notice
the
culture
filters
in
our
mind.
However,
it’s
possible
that
we
are
aware
of
this
ethnocentrism:
develop
flexible
ethnocentrism.
The
tendency
to
view
the
world
through
one’s
own
cultural filters.
2

8. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
3
14
years
in
Germany
7
years
in
China
Born
and
grew
up
in
Indonesia
Prof.Dr.Hora Tjitra - Cross-cultural and Business Psychology
Dipl.-Psych.,Technical University of Braunschweig
Organizational Psychology and Human Resource Management
Dr.Phil.,University of Regensburg
Intercultural Psychology and Strategic Management
Executive Education,INSEAD
HR Management in Asia

9. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Contents
Slide
2-­‐5
Ethnocentrism:
defini=on,
development,
and
psychological
factors
Slide
6-­‐7
Stereotypes:
defini=on,
types,
and
psychological
development
Slide
8-­‐10
Prejudice
and
discrimina=on:
defini=on,
origins,
and
going
beyond
Slide
11
Review:
ethnocentrism,
stereotypes
and
prejudice
Slide
12-­‐13
Encultura=on,
socializa=on
and
socializa=on
agents
Slide
14
Paren=ng
styles
Slide
15
Peer
influence
on
socializa=on
Slide
16
Educa=on
and
encultura=on:
math
achievement
4

10. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Psychological Factors in Ethnocentrism
5

11. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Psychological Factors in Ethnocentrism
Emotions
5

12. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Psychological Factors in Ethnocentrism
Emotions Values
5

13. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Psychological Factors in Ethnocentrism
Self
Emotions Values
5

14. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Psychological Factors in Ethnocentrism
Self
Emotions Values
Maintenance and
Development
of Ethnocentrism
5

15. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Stereotypes: Definition and Types
6

16. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Stereotypes: Definition and Types
6

17. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Stereotypes: Definition and Types
Stereotypes
Generalized images
that
we
have
about
groups
of
people,
par=cularly
about
their
underlying
psychological
characteris=cs
or
personality
traits.
6

18. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Stereotypes: Definition and Types
Stereotypes
Generalized images
that
we
have
about
groups
of
people,
par=cularly
about
their
underlying
psychological
characteris=cs
or
personality
traits.
Nega=vePosi=ve
6

19. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Stereotypes: Definition and Types
Stereotypes
Generalized images
that
we
have
about
groups
of
people,
par=cularly
about
their
underlying
psychological
characteris=cs
or
personality
traits.
Nega=ve
Completely
False
Posi=ve
Generally
True
6

20. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Stereotypes: Definition and Types
Stereotypes
Generalized images
that
we
have
about
groups
of
people,
par=cularly
about
their
underlying
psychological
characteris=cs
or
personality
traits.
Nega=ve
Completely
False
Heterostereotypes
Posi=ve
Generally
True
Autostereotypes
6

21. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Psychological Development of Stereotypes
7

22. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Psychological Development of Stereotypes
Selective Attention
Appraisal
Concept formation and categorization
Attribution
Emotion
Memory
7

23. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Psychological Development of Stereotypes
Keep Categories about the World
Selective Attention
Appraisal
Concept formation and categorization
Attribution
Emotion
Memory
7

24. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Psychological Development of Stereotypes
Keep Categories about the World
Confirm the Stereotypes
Selective Attention
Appraisal
Concept formation and categorization
Attribution
Emotion
Memory
7

25. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Psychological Development of Stereotypes
Keep Categories about the World
Confirm the Stereotypes
Reinforce Our
Self-concept
Selective Attention
Appraisal
Concept formation and categorization
Attribution
Emotion
Memory
7

26. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Prejudice and Discrimination
8

27. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Prejudice and Discrimination
Prejudice
The
tendency
to
prejudge others
on
the
basis
of
their
group
membership,
solely
in
terms
of
their
stereotype.
8

28. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Prejudice and Discrimination
Prejudice
The
tendency
to
prejudge others
on
the
basis
of
their
group
membership,
solely
in
terms
of
their
stereotype.
8

29. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Prejudice and Discrimination
Prejudice
The
tendency
to
prejudge others
on
the
basis
of
their
group
membership,
solely
in
terms
of
their
stereotype.
Cogni+ve
(thinking)
Component
Affec+ve
(feeling)
Component
8

30. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Prejudice and Discrimination
Prejudice
The
tendency
to
prejudge others
on
the
basis
of
their
group
membership,
solely
in
terms
of
their
stereotype.
Cogni+ve
(thinking)
Component
Affec+ve
(feeling)
Component
Discrimination
Unfair treatment
of
others
based
on
their
group
membership.
8

31. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Origins of and Factors Contributing to Prejudice
9

32. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Origins of and Factors Contributing to Prejudice
Responsible Factors:
Intergroup Power Conflicts, Sociobiology, Socialcultural
History, Personality, and others
9

33. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Origins of and Factors Contributing to Prejudice
Responsible Factors:
Intergroup Power Conflicts, Sociobiology, Socialcultural
History, Personality, and others
through
9

34. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Origins of and Factors Contributing to Prejudice
Responsible Factors:
Intergroup Power Conflicts, Sociobiology, Socialcultural
History, Personality, and others
through
Attached Factors:
Race, Ethnicity, or Social Class
9

35. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Origins of and Factors Contributing to Prejudice
Responsible Factors:
Intergroup Power Conflicts, Sociobiology, Socialcultural
History, Personality, and others
through
Attached Factors:
Race, Ethnicity, or Social Class
to to
9

36. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Origins of and Factors Contributing to Prejudice
Responsible Factors:
Intergroup Power Conflicts, Sociobiology, Socialcultural
History, Personality, and others
through
Attached Factors:
Race, Ethnicity, or Social Class
to
Prejudice Discrimination
to
9

37. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Going beyond Prejudice and Discrimination
10

38. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Going beyond Prejudice and Discrimination
10

39. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Going beyond Prejudice and Discrimination
10

40. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Going beyond Prejudice and Discrimination
PrejudiceandDiscrimination
10

41. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Going beyond Prejudice and Discrimination
PrejudiceandDiscrimination
Recognize
the
existence
of
Stereotypes
10

42. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Going beyond Prejudice and Discrimination
PrejudiceandDiscrimination
Recognize
the
existence
of
Stereotypes
Recognize
their
inherent
limitations
10

43. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Going beyond Prejudice and Discrimination
PrejudiceandDiscrimination
Recognize
the
existence
of
Stereotypes
Recognize
their
inherent
limitations
Recognize
individual differences
10

44. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Going beyond Prejudice and Discrimination
PrejudiceandDiscrimination
Recognize
the
existence
of
Stereotypes
Recognize
their
inherent
limitations
Recognize
individual differences
Learn
to
control emotions
10

45. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Review: Ethnocentrism,Stereotypes and Prejudice
11

46. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Review: Ethnocentrism,Stereotypes and Prejudice
Ethnocentrism
The
tendency
to
view
the
world
through
one’s
own
cultural filters.
11

47. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Review: Ethnocentrism,Stereotypes and Prejudice
Ethnocentrism
The
tendency
to
view
the
world
through
one’s
own
cultural filters.
Stereotypes
Generalized images
that
we
have
about
groups
of
people
on
their
underlying
psychological
characteris+cs
or
personality
traits)
11

48. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Review: Ethnocentrism,Stereotypes and Prejudice
Ethnocentrism
The
tendency
to
view
the
world
through
one’s
own
cultural filters.
PrejudiceStereotypes
The
tendency
to
prejudge
others
on
the
basis
of
their
group membership,
solely
in
terms
of
their
stereotype.
Generalized images
that
we
have
about
groups
of
people
on
their
underlying
psychological
characteris+cs
or
personality
traits)
11

49. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Review: Ethnocentrism,Stereotypes and Prejudice
Ethnocentrism
The
tendency
to
view
the
world
through
one’s
own
cultural filters.
PrejudiceStereotypes
The
tendency
to
prejudge
others
on
the
basis
of
their
group membership,
solely
in
terms
of
their
stereotype.
Generalized images
that
we
have
about
groups
of
people
on
their
underlying
psychological
characteris+cs
or
personality
traits)
11

50. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Review: Ethnocentrism,Stereotypes and Prejudice
Ethnocentrism
The
tendency
to
view
the
world
through
one’s
own
cultural filters.
PrejudiceStereotypes
The
tendency
to
prejudge
others
on
the
basis
of
their
group membership,
solely
in
terms
of
their
stereotype.
Generalized images
that
we
have
about
groups
of
people
on
their
underlying
psychological
characteris+cs
or
personality
traits)
11

51. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Review: Ethnocentrism,Stereotypes and Prejudice
Ethnocentrism
The
tendency
to
view
the
world
through
one’s
own
cultural filters.
PrejudiceStereotypes
The
tendency
to
prejudge
others
on
the
basis
of
their
group membership,
solely
in
terms
of
their
stereotype.
Generalized images
that
we
have
about
groups
of
people
on
their
underlying
psychological
characteris+cs
or
personality
traits)
11

52. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Enculturation and Socialization
12

53. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Enculturation and Socialization
Socialization
The
process
by
which
we
learn
and
internalize
the
rules and patterns of behavior
that
are
affected
by
culture.
12

54. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Enculturation and Socialization
Enculturation
Socialization
The
process
by
which
we
learn
and
internalize
the
rules and patterns of behavior
that
are
affected
by
culture.
The
process
by
which
youngsters
learn
and
adopt
the
ways and manners
of
their
culture.
12

55. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Enculturation and Socialization
Enculturation
Socialization
The
process
by
which
we
learn
and
internalize
the
rules and patterns of behavior
that
are
affected
by
culture.
The
process
by
which
youngsters
learn
and
adopt
the
ways and manners
of
their
culture.
Process and Mechanism
12

56. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Enculturation and Socialization
Enculturation
Socialization
The
process
by
which
we
learn
and
internalize
the
rules and patterns of behavior
that
are
affected
by
culture.
The
process
by
which
youngsters
learn
and
adopt
the
ways and manners
of
their
culture.
Process and Mechanism
12

57. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Enculturation and Socialization
Enculturation
Socialization
The
process
by
which
we
learn
and
internalize
the
rules and patterns of behavior
that
are
affected
by
culture.
The
process
by
which
youngsters
learn
and
adopt
the
ways and manners
of
their
culture.
Process and Mechanism
Products
12

58. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Enculturation and Socialization
Enculturation
Socialization
The
process
by
which
we
learn
and
internalize
the
rules and patterns of behavior
that
are
affected
by
culture.
The
process
by
which
youngsters
learn
and
adopt
the
ways and manners
of
their
culture.
Process and Mechanism
Products
Socialization (and
encultura=on)
agents:
the
people,
ins=tu=ons,
and
organiza=ons
that
exist
to
help
ensure
that
socializa=on
(or
encultura=on)
occurs.
12

59. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Socialization (and Enculturation) Agents
13

60. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Socialization (and Enculturation) Agents
Parenting
• Goals
and
Beliefs
of
Parents
•
Paren+ng
Styles
•
Paren+ng
Behaviors
and
Strategies
13

61. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Socialization (and Enculturation) Agents
Parenting
• Goals
and
Beliefs
of
Parents
•
Paren+ng
Styles
•
Paren+ng
Behaviors
and
Strategies
Siblings
13

62. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Socialization (and Enculturation) Agents
Parenting
• Goals
and
Beliefs
of
Parents
•
Paren+ng
Styles
•
Paren+ng
Behaviors
and
Strategies
Siblings
Extended
Families
13

63. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Socialization (and Enculturation) Agents
Parenting
• Goals
and
Beliefs
of
Parents
•
Paren+ng
Styles
•
Paren+ng
Behaviors
and
Strategies
Siblings
Extended
Families
Peers
13

64. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Socialization (and Enculturation) Agents
Parenting
• Goals
and
Beliefs
of
Parents
•
Paren+ng
Styles
•
Paren+ng
Behaviors
and
Strategies
Siblings
Extended
Families
Peers Day Care
13

65. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Socialization (and Enculturation) Agents
Parenting
• Goals
and
Beliefs
of
Parents
•
Paren+ng
Styles
•
Paren+ng
Behaviors
and
Strategies
Siblings
Extended
Families
Peers Day Care
Religion
Institutions
13

66. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Socialization (and Enculturation) Agents
Parenting
• Goals
and
Beliefs
of
Parents
•
Paren+ng
Styles
•
Paren+ng
Behaviors
and
Strategies
Siblings
Extended
Families
Peers Day Care
Religion
Institutions
Educational
System
13

67. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Parenting Styles
Authoritative
Sensi+ve
to
the
child’s
maturity
and
are
firm,
fair,
and
reasonable.
Express
a
high
degree
of
warmth
and
affec+on
to
them.
Uninvolved
Do
not
seem
commiNed
to
care
giving,
beyond
the
Minimum
effort
required
to
meet
the
physical
wants
of
their
child.
Authoritarian
Expect
unques+oned
obedience
and
view
the
child
as
needing
to
be
controlled.
Be
low
on
warmth
and
responsive-­‐
ness
toward
the
children.
Permissive
Warm
and
nurturing
to
their
children;
allow
them
to
regulate
their
own
lives
and
provide
few
firm
guidelines.
Parenting
Styles
Guide &
Control
Indulgent
Warm
Cool
14

68. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Levels of Peer Influence on Socialization
15

69. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Levels of Peer Influence on Socialization
Postfigurative
cultures
Cultural
change
is
slow,
Socializa+on
occurs
primarily
by
elders
transferring know-
ledge
to
their
children.
Elders
hold
the
know-­‐
ledge
necessary
for
becoming
a
successful
and
competent
adult.
15

70. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Levels of Peer Influence on Socialization
Cofigurative
Cultures
Cultural
change
occurs
more
rapidly,
adults
con+nue
to
socialize
their
children,
but
peers
play a greater role
in
socializing
each
other.
Young
people
may
have
to
turn
to
one
another
for
advice
and
informa+on.
Postfigurative
cultures
Cultural
change
is
slow,
Socializa+on
occurs
primarily
by
elders
transferring know-
ledge
to
their
children.
Elders
hold
the
know-­‐
ledge
necessary
for
becoming
a
successful
and
competent
adult.
15

71. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Levels of Peer Influence on Socialization
Cofigurative
Cultures
Cultural
change
occurs
more
rapidly,
adults
con+nue
to
socialize
their
children,
but
peers
play a greater role
in
socializing
each
other.
Young
people
may
have
to
turn
to
one
another
for
advice
and
informa+on.
Prefigurative
Cultures
Culture
is
changing
so
rapidly
that
young
people
may
be
the
ones
to
teach adults.
The
knowledge
that
adults
hold
may
not
be
sufficient
for
the
next
genera+on.
Postfigurative
cultures
Cultural
change
is
slow,
Socializa+on
occurs
primarily
by
elders
transferring know-
ledge
to
their
children.
Elders
hold
the
know-­‐
ledge
necessary
for
becoming
a
successful
and
competent
adult.
15

72. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Levels of Peer Influence on Socialization
Cofigurative
Cultures
Cultural
change
occurs
more
rapidly,
adults
con+nue
to
socialize
their
children,
but
peers
play a greater role
in
socializing
each
other.
Young
people
may
have
to
turn
to
one
another
for
advice
and
informa+on.
Prefigurative
Cultures
Culture
is
changing
so
rapidly
that
young
people
may
be
the
ones
to
teach adults.
The
knowledge
that
adults
hold
may
not
be
sufficient
for
the
next
genera+on.
Postfigurative
cultures
Cultural
change
is
slow,
Socializa+on
occurs
primarily
by
elders
transferring know-
ledge
to
their
children.
Elders
hold
the
know-­‐
ledge
necessary
for
becoming
a
successful
and
competent
adult.
Low High
15

73. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Education and Enculturation: Math Achievement
Cross National Differences in Math
Achievement
16

74. An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on
Education and Enculturation: Math Achievement
Cross National Differences in Math
Achievement
• Language
• School Systems
• Parental and Family Values
• Attitudes and Appraisals of Students
• Teaching Styles and Teacher–Student Relationships
16

75. Thank
You
Contact us via …
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Website: http://horatjitra.com
Zhejiang
University,
Hangzhou
(China)