The document summarizes key concepts about populations including: - Population size refers to the number of individuals in a population and is sometimes estimated through sampling. - Population density measures how crowded a population is by number of individuals per unit area. - Dispersion refers to how individuals are spatially distributed within a population, which can be clumped, even, or random. - Population dynamics examines changes in size and composition over time via birth/death rates and life expectancy. - Age structure graphs show the distribution of ages within a population. - Survivorship curves model mortality rates that differ between r-selected and K-selected species. - Population growth rate considers immigration/emigration and is modeled