This presentation was delivered at the Global CCS Institute's Global Status of CCS: 2014 event in Abu Dhabi on 5 November.

1. CCS in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC):
Current Status and Near-term Outlook
I-Tsung Tsai
Masdar Institute
GCCSI, Global Status of CCS 2014
November 5-6, 2014, Abu Dhabi

2. Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
• 6 member states
– Bahrain
– Kuwait
– Oman
– Qatar
– Saudi Arabia
– United Arab Emirates
• Common features
– Large hydrocarbon reserves
– Harsh climate
– Scarce water resource
– Carbon intensive industrial production

3. Source: The Guardian, Monday 31 January 2011
5.1%
of
global
total

4. CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS (SOURCE: EIA)
AS OF 2012, GCC accounts for
3.4% of Global total CO2 emissions
with 0.7% population
139.79
155.33
171.63
405.54 406.14 424.4
195.85
455.62
193.43
217.65
470 468.73
228.67
551.39
52.27 55.67 61.08 63.45 66.52 69.77 81.48
234.06
582.67
99.17
1200
1000
800
600
Bahrain 4%
Kuwait 6%
Oman 11%
Qatar 13%
Saudi Arabia 7%
UAE 7%
115.72 115.33 123.81
400
290.54 301.34 311.62
Average Annual
Growth Rate
127.14
347.26
133.52
388.76
200
53.68 62.85
32.48 38.64
37.71 44.56 48.96 52.73 34.7 27.56 29.44 30.68 35.58 21.79 22.2 22.99 22.47 24.36 79.83 84.87 90.10 100.46 105.68 76.18 59.5 77.31 57.46 56.23 63.44 67.87 76.72 20.26 20.8 21.85 22.45 23.14 25.26 27.82 29.28 30.63 31.1 30.59 30.25 32.20
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia UAE

5. Current LARGE SCALE CCS projects IN GCC
Source: http://sequestration.mit.edu/tools/projects/map_projects.html (Updated Dec 6, 2013)
ESI
Type: CO2 from Steel production + EOR
Location: Abu Dhabi, UAE
Leaders: Masdar, Emirates Steel
Industries, Abu Dhabi National Oil
Company (ADNOC)
Size: 0.8 Mt/yr
Start date: 2016
Taweelah + EMAL
Type: CO2 from gas power plant +
aluminum production + EOR
Location: Abu Dhabi, UAE
Leaders: Masdar, Taweelah Asia Power
Company, EMAL, ADNOC
Size: 2 MT/yr
Capture Technology: Post Combustion
absorption
Start date: 2018
Uthmaniyah
Type: CO2 from gas power plant + EOR
Location: Saudi Arabia
Leader: Saudi Aramco
Size: 0.8 Mt/yr
Start date: 2015

6. Other CCUS Activities in GCC
Bahrain - Developed a project to captures flue gases from a petrochemical plant for urea and methanol
production.
Kuwait - Equate will capture CO2 from its petrochemical plants for food and beverage production
Oman - Currently focus primarily on CCUS technology R&D.
Qatar - Qatar Fuel Additives Company to start capture 500 tonnes per day of CO2 from its methanol
production plant to further boost methanol production by 2014.
- Qatar Petroleum (QP) & Shell initiated the Qatar Carbonates and Carbon Storage Research
Centre (QCCSRC).
Saudi
Arabia
- Constructing the world’s largest CO2 purification and liquefaction plant in Jubail to bring 1,500
tonnes per day of CO2 from two ethylene glycol plants to three SABIC-affiliated companies for
enhanced methanol and urea production.
- In the process of developing several similar CCS projects, including some pilot projects on CO2
for EOR.
- Several institutions (i.e. KACST, KFUPM, KAUST. KAPSARC) engaged in CCUS R&D
- A member of both the Four Kingdoms Initiative and the CSLF
UAE - Pilot project: 2 a year CO2-EOR project completed in November 2011 at an onshore field
- Dubai Integrated Energy Strategy 2030 calls for consideration of CCS-equipped coal power in the
next ten years.
- Ras Al Khaimah announced feasibility studies for a CCS-equipped coal plant.
- A member of CSLF.

7. Current Regulatory progress
• All GCC countries ratified Kyoto as ANNEX II.
• All GCC countries ratified CCS related international & regional conventions.
– London, Basel, UNCLOS, MARPOL, GCC Custom Union, Kuwait, etc.
• No domestic CCUS specific regulation.
• Environmental impact assessment covered by existing laws, but lack details.
• Some areas of CO2–EOR can be governed by existing oil and gas rules.
• Lack of regulation for permanent storage.

8. Regulatory Gaps (x: major gap; -: minor gap; blank: no gap)
Regulatory domain Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar KSA UAE
CO2 classification X X X X X X
Ownership of surface facility - X X X -
Transboundary CO2 X X X X X X
Environmental Impact Assessment
CO2 impurity X X X X X X
CO2 capture regulation - X X X -
CO2 transportation regulation - X X X -
CO2 storage regulation* X X X X X X
Liability during the post-closure period X X X X X X
Regulation for CCS with EOR X X X X X X
Incentives - - X - - -
Note: CO2 storage regulation include regulating site selection and characterization activities; project inspections; monitoring,
reporting, and verification requirements; Corrective measures and remediation measures; authorization for storage site
closure; liability during the project period; Financial contributions to post-closure stewardship

9. Key Features of Regulatory & Institutional Environment
• Regulation
– CO2-EOR
• Implicit petroleum laws
• Long term oil & gas joint venture agreements
– Transboundary CCUS
• Uncertain geo-political environment
• Unpublicized border agreements
• Institution
– Oil and Gas industry dominated by national oil companies, not explicitly regulated
– Major CO2 sources are government/semi-government owned, not explicitly regulated

10. Uncertainty Prevails in Regional Cooperation
Year
launched
Gas source Importing countries Reason for failure Source
GCC gas grid 1988 Qatar KSA, Kuwait, Bahrain, UAE Political and territorial disputes Dargin, 2008
Crescent Petroleum
2001 Iran UAE (Sharjah) Pricing disagreement. Contract nullified by Iran
pipeline
after pipeline built
Jafar, 2012; Carlisle, 2010;
Adibi and Fesheraki, 2011
Peace Pipeline 1995 Qatar Israel Approval depended on peace settlement
between Israel and Palestinians
Dargin, 2008
GCC pipeline to Pakistan
and India
1995 and
2000
Qatar Pakistan, India, via Oman Pricing disagreement, competing pipeline
proposals
Jafar, 2012; and Dargin,
2008
Dolphin Pipeline
extension to Kuwait
2005 Qatar Kuwait Saudi refusal to grant access to territorial
waters
Dargin, 2008
Table: Failed gas pipeline projects in the Gulf region
Reference: Krane J. (2013)

11. Are We Making Little Progress on CCS in GCC?
• Not exactly
• Strategy:
– Building confidence via technology R&D and pilot projects
– Wait and see the results from Paris
• System is highly non-transparent, but can be very efficient
when motivated
• Sources of drivers
– Economic – gain from CO2-EOR
– Environmental – Climate change mitigation

12. Economic Drivers
• UAE
– Large portfolio of gas-based power & water co-generation plants
– Focus is on substituting gas-EOR with CO2-EOR
– Start with CO2 capture from non-utility sectors?
• Other GCC countries
– Value proposition of CCS/CCUS is less clear
– Working on getting the economics right
– Scope confined to non-oil & gas sectors

14. Energy-CCUS Nexus of Emirates steel industry (ESI)
Gas
Oil
Power
Water
Storage
Enhance Oil Recovery
CO2
Qatar CO2 capture plant
Direct Reduction
of Iron
(integrates
capture plant )
CO2 capture plant
Furnace
flue gases
Electric
Arc
Furnace
Steel
Steel Refining
Facility
Basic Oxygen
Furnace
Continuous
Casting
(energy recovery to produce steam for power
generation and for the production of water used
by industry)

15. Environmental Drivers
• Highly dependent on the structure of post-Kyoto agreement
• KSA and UAE : committed to CCS/CCUS in UNFCCC communications
• COP 21 in Paris
– Key components
• Contribution (may include RE & EE targets)
• Compliance measures
• Financial transfer
• Technology R&D and Capacity Development
– Likely a bottom-up “club” systems
– CCS expected to be accepted as part of contribution
• CO2-EOR?
• Mandate or CO2 price?
• Domestic/club regulation & institution?

16. Near-term Outlook of CCUS in GCC
• Current progress in rest of the world is encouraging.
• GCC
– CCUS development will likely be facilitated by bottom-up post-Kyoto agreement
• Cost to adjust institution and regulation is low
– Focus on domestic economic gain and contribution to national emission reduction targets
– Little interest for cross-boundary CO2 regulation/market
– Collaboration confined to technology R&D and capacity development
– Qualification of CO2-EOR for national contribution is key
– Regulation: Governed, again, with implicit rules
• Need to identify new elements to regulate (Example: EU, New Zealand, etc.)
– Institution: dominated by national oil companies
– Main challenges: Optimize CCUS/RR/RE strategy to meet commitment
• Getting the economics right
– Understand interactions between CCUS-power/water/energy production-industrial production to identify
levelized cost by sources and by oil/gas prices
• Distribution of CCUS cost along value chains

17. Thank You