1. Fracture
Submitted To
Dr. S. K. Jhala
Assistant professor
Dept. of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology
Vanbandhu College of Vet. Sci. & A.H.
Submitted By
Pansuria Dhaval V.
M.V.Sc. (Scholar) 1st year
Dept. of Vet. Surgery & Radiology
2. Definition
Etiology
Classification of fracture
Diagnosis
Pathology Associated with fracture
Treatment
Complication
3. Definition
A fracture is a dissolution of bony continuity with
or without displacement of the fragments.
Or
Fracture is a break in the continuity of hard
tissues like bone, cartilage, etc
Always accompanied by soft tissue damage of
varying degrees.
5. Banding Torsional Compression
forces force force
6. Force Type of fracture
Compression Short oblique
Tension Transverse
Shear Short oblique
Bending Transverse, or short oblique with
butterfly fragment
Torsion Oblique spiral fracture
10. Incomplete fracture
1. Greenstick fracture
Fracture in which the bone is partly broken
like a bent green stick.
2. Fissured fracture
Cracks or fissure lines will occur when
direct trauma is applied to any long or flat bone
3. Deferred fracture
Depression fractures represent areas in
which multiple fissure fracture lines intersect
12. Complete fracture
1. Transverse fracture
Fracture line runs transverse to the long axis
of the bone.
2. Oblique fracture
Fracture line runs oblique to the long axis of
the bone.
3. Spiral fracture
Fracture line spirals along the long axis of
the bone.
13. 4. Comminuted fracture
two or more fracture lines interconnect each
other at one point
5. Multiple fracture
two or more fracture line but don’t
interconnect each other but divide a bone into 3 or
more fracture fragments
6. Compression fracture
fractures where cancellous bone collapses
and compresses upon itself
14. 7. Impacted fracture
A fracture in which a bony fragment, is
forced or impacted into cancellous bone
8. Avulsion fracture
Term is used when a part of a bone is torn
away
20. 1. Diaphyseal fracture
Occur in the diaphysis of a long bone
Further be described as proximal third,
middle third, or distal third
2. Metaphyseal fracture
fracture within the metaphysis of a long bone
Further described as distal or proximal
metaphyseal fracture
3. Epiphyseal fracture
Fracture of the epiphyses
21. 4. Fracture of the Epiphyseal plate
Fracture occurs in immature animals during
that time the epiphyseal plate remains open
and cartilaginous.
In mature animals, such fractures are called
physeal fractures.
Standard method for further classification is
method of Salter- Harris
22. Type I Epiphyseal separation
Type II A small corner of metaphyseal bone with the
epiphysis
Type III Epiphysis and part of the growth plate,
metaphysis unaffected
Type IV Epiphysis, growth plate, and metaphysis,
several fractures
Type V Impaction of the epiphyseal plate,
metaphysis driven into the epiphysis
24. 5. Condylar fracture
Condylar fractures affect the distal ends of
the humerus or femur, or the proximal tibia
Further classified as medial or lateral
condylar fracture
Supracondylar fracture
Both condyles fracture off the shaft as a unit
Supracondylar-intercondylar fracture
Further described as ‘V’, ‘T‘, or ‘Y‘
fractures
25. A – Lateral condylar fracture
B – T fracture
C – Y fracture
26. 6. Articular fracture
Fracture indicates that the subchondral bone
and articular cartilage are involved in a
fracture
7. Periarticular fracture
The term is used to describe the fractures
close to joints
However, such fractures don’t involve the
joint
27. 8. Fracture dislocation
Joint fractures that produce joint instability
sufficient to result in simultaneous
subluxation or luxation of the affected joint
there are torn vessels, bruised muscles, lacerated periosteum, contused nerves. Sometimes there are injured internal organs and lacerated skin. The trauma to soft tissue must always be taken into consideration and is often vitally more important than the fracture itself.
Muscular contraction – sometimes skeleton muscles contract so violently that they chip off the bone from the point of their attachment. Such fracture are called avulsion fracture & are more common in immature animals. i.e. most prone sites are acromion, greater humoraltubercal, olecrenon, ischialtuberosity, trocentor major, cranial tibialtuberosity, & the calcaneus of the fibular tarsal bone.Pathological fracture – diseased condition may render the bone(s) abnormal & weak with higher susceptibility to fracture. In such condition weight of animal itself may cause fracture. i.e. osteoporosis, localized bone infection, rickets.
Incompletefracvture - bone has not completely loss continuityComplete fracture -indicated by the complete loss of bony continuity, allowing overriding and deformation.Avulsion fracture -
Partial / splintered fracture – when splinters of bone are separated from the main bone as a result of direct violence as may be caused firearms.
Transverse fracture - Most are caused by bending forces.Oblique fracture - mostly bybanding with axial compression.Spiral fracture - caused by torsional & twisting forces.
Comminuted fracture - Comminuted fractures are generally caused by high-energy trauma, as typified by automobile accidents, and are a common type of animal fractureMultiple fracture - Reduction and fixation of a multiple fracture requires two separate reductions and fixationsCompression fracture - Compression fractures are rarely reduced, since the bone within the fracture area has been destroyed by the crushing.shortening occurs as a result of compression i.e. maxilla, frontal bone
Impacted fracture - seen at the junction of diaphysis and metaphysis of a long boneAvulsion fracture - when a part of a bone is torn away i.e. due to extensive pull of a tenson at the point of intertionorf attachment at the bone.
Fractures may be classified by their anatomical location in relation to a specific bone. Identifying a fracture by location does not indicate whether the fracture is open or closed, nor does it indicate the type of fracture: transverse, oblique, spiral, or the like. The systems of classifying by type and classifying by location are compatible and should be used together.
While describing articular fractures, the bone and joint involved are mentionedArticular fracture requires perfect anatomical reduction and fixation to prevent secondary degenerative joint disease
