4. Dengue โLeakโ Fever
โข Plasma leak during critical phase is the
hall mark
โข Leading to 3rd space losses
โ peritoneal cavity
โ pleural cavity
โข Variable in magnitude and exact timing
5.
6. Pathogenesis of leak
โข Infection with a virulent dengue virus
โข Presence of antibodies that enhance
dengue virus infection (ADE)
โข Intense immune activation
7. Pathogenesis
โข Rapidly elevated cytokines (TNF-a, IL-2,
IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and IFN-g)
โข Malfunction of vascular endothelial cells
โข Plasma leakage from intra to extravascular
space
8. Pathogenesis
โข In severe DHF the loss of plasma is critical
โข Patient becomes hypovolaemic
โข Signs of circulatory compromise
โข Progress to shock, organ failure, death
10. Clinical Implications
โข Extravascular fluid loss at variable rate
that has to be matched ml for ml
โข Lasting 48 hours
โข Resorption of fluid during convalescent
phase
11. Key Points
โข Manage critical phase with appropriate
volume
โ Donโt under transfuse
โ Donโt over transfuse
โข Meticulous monitoring during critical phase
to match rate of fluid infusion with rate of
leak
14. Amount of Fluid?
โข Based on weight
โข Adults
โ If less than 50kg use actual weight
โ If more take weight as 50 kg
โข Paediatrics
โ Current OR Ideal body weight whichever
is lower
15. Ideal Body Weight
โข Weight for height using a growth chart
โข Weight for age
โข Formulae in emergency
19. Formulae
โข <1 year : Age (in Months)+ 9/2
โข 1-7 years : (Age x 2)+ 8
โข >7 years : Age x 3
โข APLS : (Age in years + 4) x 2
20. Fluid Quota
โข M + 5% = Maintenance + 5% of body
weight
โข Over 48 hours if patient presents in the
beginning of critical phase (without shock)
โข Over 24 hours for patients coming in
shock
21.
22.
23. M + 5% - Adults
โข Maintenance
โ 1st 10 kg โ 1000 mls
โ 2nd 10 kg โ 500 mls
โ Remaining 30kgs โ 600 mls
โ Sum = 2100 mls
โข 5% deficit โ 50 x 50 = 2500 mls
โข Total = 4600 mls
24. Child 22 kg
โข Maintenance
โ 1000 + 500 + 40 = 1540 mls
โข 5% Deficit โ 50 x 22 = 1100 mls
โข Total 2640 mls
29. Compensated
โข Body compensates for fluid loss
โข Tachycardia
โข Pulse Pressure narrows
โข Prolonged CRT
โข Fall in urine output to 0.5 mls/kg/hr
30. Decompensated
โข Pulse pressure narrows further leading to
unrecordable pulse and BP
โข Urine output falls less than 0.5 mls/kg/hour
โข Supply to myocardium and brain
compromised
32. Indications for Colloid
โข Failure of crystalloid boluses to normalize
pulse /BP
โข Development of shock
โ with fluid overload
โ amount of fluid exceeding M + 5%
deficit
โข 10 ml/kg over 1 hour
33. Colloids
โข Dextran may sometimes interfere with
grouping and cross matching
โข 3 doses of Dextran 40 during a 24 hour
โข 5 doses of 6% Starch during 24 hour
โข Remain in circulation for much longer
37. Monitoring During Shock
โข 15 minute monitoring of vital signs
โข HCT immediately before and after each
fluid bolus and then at least two to four
hourly
38. Key Points โ Managing DHF
โข Recognizing the start of critical phase of
DHF
โข Predicting the rate of leak which may vary
from patient to patient and within the same
patient
โข Matching the rate of infusion to rate of leak
โข Being cognizant of the end of critical
39. Key Points โ Managing DSS
โข Meticulous monitoring
โข Switching appropriately from crystalloids to
colloids
โข Recognizing need for blood transfusion