The document discusses the JPEG2000 image format for storing and accessing biodiversity collections. It provides an overview of JPEG2000 and its advantages over other formats like JPEG. These advantages include region extraction, lossless and lossy compression, metadata bundling, and progressive transmission. While adoption has been slow due to lack of browser support and open source server options, JPEG2000 is gaining popularity in medical imaging and is currently used by the Biodiversity Heritage Library and Internet Archive for digital collections. Future development of open source projects like djatoka may help increase its use for digital libraries and archives.

1. Using the JPEG2000 image format for storage and access in biodiversity collections. Chris Freeland Missouri Botanical Garden

2. Overview of JPEG2000 Wavelet-based compression Different than JPEG Decompress without extracting entire file Proposed in 2000 to supercede JPEG Hasn’t Slow adoption in museums & libraries Poor (no) native browser support Few open source options Faster adoption in medical imaging, other commercial applications

3. Parts of the format Part 1 , Core coding system (JP2) defines format; adopted as standard first. Part 2 , Extensions Part 3 , Motion JPEG 2000 Part 4 , Conformance Part 5 , Reference software Part 6 , Compound image file format (JPM) Part 7 has been abandoned Part 8 , Security (JPSEC) Part 9 , Protocols and API (JPIP) Part 10 , JP3D ( volumetric imaging ) Part 11 , JPWL ( wireless applications ) Part 12 , ISO Base Media File Format ( common w/ MPEG-4 )

4. Advantages of JPEG2000 Region extraction Compression Both lossless & lossy Self-containedness XML metadata + image Multiple objects can be bundled together Progressive Transmission Lower quality at early load http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september08/chute/09chute.html

5. Region Extraction “ Give me x , y coordinates at z resolution.” 600ppi, 200MB TIF; encode to 100MB JP2 72ppi: 20KB JPG

6. “ How many books in a ___?” 2 Biblioburros; 4,800 books* *http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/20/world/americas/20burro.html Luis Soriano, with Alpha and Beto 1 Biblioburro = 2,400 books BHL to date = 9 Biblioburros!

7. Storage requirement for a digital Biblioburro 2,400 books / Biblioburro (9,238,295 pages / 22,118 books in BHL) = 418 pages / book 1,002,437 pages / Biblioburro Avg size of each image file RAW/TIF: 24MB ; JP2: 2MB Drive space needed / Biblioburro TIF: 24TB ; JP2: 2TB 2,400 books 24 TB TIFs 2 TB JP2 = =

8. Self-containedness / metadata bundling Not just an image, but an image, its content & its context Adobe XMP Dublin Core Your own XML TIF Headers & JPEG limit fields Can describe more than just an image A whole web site

9. Barriers for adoption Lack of affordable, scalable serving options Until recently, no open source server Commercial options expensive No native browser support Safari does , but via QuickTime But why?? PNG? No motivation? Community skepticism

10. Encoding Software Commercial Adobe Photoshop LuraTech SDK LizardTech Non-Commercial Kakadu ImageMagik IrfanView

11. Decoding & Serving Commercial LizardTech Aware LuraTech ICS FSIV Non-Commercial Kakadu GSIV djatoka

12. Part 6: JPIP Protocol and API for transmitting JP2 Designed for HTTP, but not restricted to that carrier Don’t need a browser Implementations are available, use is infrequent HiRISE camera on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

13. Current use of JP2 in BHL Serve 85% (lossy) .jp2 LizardTech decoder Tiled on the fly Cached for performance GSIV browser-based client viewer

14. LizardTech ExpressServer Browser GSIV.js www.biodiversitylibrary.org .jp2 .jpg Internet Archive /page/1274907 pageid: 1274907 BHLdb http://www.archive.org/download/mushroomsofameri00palm/.../mushroomsofameri00palm_0010.jp2 images.mobot.org A user requests Mushrooms of America, edible and poisonous , Plate X: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1274907 locate:

19. The Future: djatoka Developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory, Research Library Use of the ISO-standardized JPEG 2000 format [ 6 ] as the service format; Java-based open source solution built around the Kakudu JPEG 2000 library; Geared towards reuse through URI-addressability of all image disseminations including regions, rotations, and format transformations; Provision of a consistent, guessable URI pattern for image disseminations based on the ANSI/NISO OpenURL standard [ 7 ]; Provision of an extensible service framework for image disseminations enabled by OCLC's Java OpenURL package ; Availability of image disseminations in a range of image formats; Availability of image disseminations for locally stored JPEG 2000 files, as well as for Web-accessible images in a variety of formats; Configurable server-side, file-based caching; Ajax-based client reference implementation, based on IIPImage JavaScript Viewer , which allows panning, zooming, and selecting the URI of the current view. http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september08/chute/09chute.html

20. References djatoka http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july08/buonora/07buonora.html HUL: Page Image Compression for Mass Digitization http:// preserve.harvard.edu/massdig/hul_study / JP2 in Libraries and Archives http://j2karclib.info/taxonomy/term/2 JPEG 2000 - a Practical Digital Preservation Standard? http://www.dpconline.org/docs/reports/dpctw08-01.pdf JPEG2000 site http://www.jpeg.org/jpeg2000/

21. Contact Chris Freeland Missouri Botanical Garden 4344 Shaw Blvd. St. Louis, MO 63110 [email_address] http://www.chrisfreeland.com