2. 2
Cross Border Issues Group (CBIG): Month-longCross Border Issues Group (CBIG): Month-long
journalism exchange programs on a continuingjournalism exchange programs on a continuing
topic: Immigrationtopic: Immigration
http://cbig.unm.eduhttp://cbig.unm.edu
•• Teams of Mexican andTeams of Mexican and
U.S. studentsU.S. students
•• Primary sourcesPrimary sources
•• On-site reportingOn-site reporting
•• Depth interviewsDepth interviews
•• Visit immigrationVisit immigration “hot“hot
spots”spots”
•• Southwest U.S.Southwest U.S.
•• Central and SouthernCentral and Southern
MexicoMexico
•• GuatemalaGuatemala
•• HondurasHonduras
•• Academic & journalisticAcademic & journalistic
secondary sourcessecondary sources
3. 3
Mexico has two of the most unequalMexico has two of the most unequal
borders in the worldborders in the world
-- Dictates migration from and through Mexico-- Dictates migration from and through Mexico
---- Unauthorized immigrants 29% of U.S. foreign bornUnauthorized immigrants 29% of U.S. foreign born
-- Unauthorized origins – Mexico 60%; South and East Asia 11%;-- Unauthorized origins – Mexico 60%; South and East Asia 11%;
Central America 12%; South America 5%; Caribbean 3%Central America 12%; South America 5%; Caribbean 3%
U.S. – 315 millionU.S. – 315 million
Mexico – 112 millionMexico – 112 million
Central America 35 millionCentral America 35 million
Source: U.S. Census Bureau estimates for 2011Source: U.S. Census Bureau estimates for 2011
4. GDP per capita (PPP)GDP per capita (PPP)
CIA Factbook 2012 figuresCIA Factbook 2012 figures
4
5. Net Mexican to U.S.Net Mexican to U.S.
Migration FiguresMigration Figures
(Mexican Migration Monitor, 2012 [COLEF & Tomas Rivera Policy Institute)(Mexican Migration Monitor, 2012 [COLEF & Tomas Rivera Policy Institute)
5
6. 6
Who has come to the United StatesWho has come to the United States
without documents?without documents?
•• Traditionally aboutTraditionally about
50% to 55% are50% to 55% are
Mexicans.Mexicans.
– 9 to 12 million9 to 12 million
undocumented peopleundocumented people
in the United States,in the United States,
out of about 35-38out of about 35-38
million total foreign-million total foreign-
bornborn
– 55% came without55% came without
permission, 45% werepermission, 45% were
invited but overstayedinvited but overstayed
or violated their visasor violated their visas
•• Today more Central Americans are comingToday more Central Americans are coming (CBIG)(CBIG) and net migrationand net migration
from Mexico to U.S. went to zero in 2011 and may be picking upfrom Mexico to U.S. went to zero in 2011 and may be picking up
with the improved U.S. economywith the improved U.S. economy (Pew, 2012: COLEF & Tomas Rivera(Pew, 2012: COLEF & Tomas Rivera
Policy Institute 2012 ).Policy Institute 2012 ).
7. Rule of Law – Latin AmericaRule of Law – Latin America
before 2009 Honduran coup d’etatbefore 2009 Honduran coup d’etat
7
8. Crime Wave Media Coverage and Reality:Crime Wave Media Coverage and Reality:
Comparative Murder Rates 2000-2010Comparative Murder Rates 2000-2010
(per 100,000 pop. – UN Office on Drugs and Crime)(per 100,000 pop. – UN Office on Drugs and Crime)
8
10. Santiago López Gomez,Santiago López Gomez,
Comité de Derechos HumanosComité de Derechos Humanos
Ocosingo, Chiapas, MexicoOcosingo, Chiapas, Mexico
10
Guatemalan girls haveGuatemalan girls have
historically been broughthistorically been brought
to Mexico and theto Mexico and the
United States to serveUnited States to serve
as prostitutes for farmas prostitutes for farm
workers.workers.
11. Migrant Rights: Numbers ofMigrant Rights: Numbers of
unaccompanied alien children (UAC)unaccompanied alien children (UAC)
rises dramatically in 2011 and 2012rises dramatically in 2011 and 2012
““While the issue of unaccompanied minors arriving in the U.S. isn't new, the scale of the recent increase is.While the issue of unaccompanied minors arriving in the U.S. isn't new, the scale of the recent increase is.
From October 2011 through March, 5,252 kids landed in U.S. custody without a parent or guardian — a 93From October 2011 through March, 5,252 kids landed in U.S. custody without a parent or guardian — a 93
percent increase from the same period the previous year, according to data released by the Departmentpercent increase from the same period the previous year, according to data released by the Department
of Health and Human Services. In March alone, 1,390 kids arrived.of Health and Human Services. In March alone, 1,390 kids arrived.”” by Christopher Sherman, AP, Aprilby Christopher Sherman, AP, April
28, 201228, 2012
• “• “A striking upsurge in the level of unaccompanied immigrant children, journeying towards the United StatesA striking upsurge in the level of unaccompanied immigrant children, journeying towards the United States
border, stems from gang violence in three Central American countries. . .”border, stems from gang violence in three Central American countries. . .”
• “• “Young Central Americans are even more vulnerable traveling through Mexico than when crossing into theYoung Central Americans are even more vulnerable traveling through Mexico than when crossing into the
United States.”United States.”
•• Children apprehended go through an adult process, typically without a lawyer.Children apprehended go through an adult process, typically without a lawyer.
•• They are “sent back home to crowded orphanages or their birth country’s violent conditions.”They are “sent back home to crowded orphanages or their birth country’s violent conditions.” by Amyby Amy
Walker, UNM-TRNS Washington News Bureau / CBIG, Dec. 2012Walker, UNM-TRNS Washington News Bureau / CBIG, Dec. 2012
• “• “. . . the number of children coming illegally and alone is surging, largely as a result of increasing drug-fueled. . . the number of children coming illegally and alone is surging, largely as a result of increasing drug-fueled
violence in Central America, particularly Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador. One in 13 people caughtviolence in Central America, particularly Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador. One in 13 people caught
by the Border Patrol last fiscal year were under 18. Seventeen percent of them were 13 or younger. Closeby the Border Patrol last fiscal year were under 18. Seventeen percent of them were 13 or younger. Close
to 14,000 minors, twice as many as the previous year, were placed in federal custody. (This figure doesn’tto 14,000 minors, twice as many as the previous year, were placed in federal custody. (This figure doesn’t
include an equal number of Mexican children who were quickly deported.)”include an equal number of Mexican children who were quickly deported.)”
by Sonia Nazario, New York Times, The Opinion Pages, April 11, 2013by Sonia Nazario, New York Times, The Opinion Pages, April 11, 2013
11
12. Honduran diaspora:Honduran diaspora:
Orphanages and MarcosOrphanages and Marcos’ story’ story
12
Large numbers ofLarge numbers of
children are beingchildren are being
abandoned at theabandoned at the
borders and en route.borders and en route.
13. 13
Albergue System for Central American Migrants:Albergue System for Central American Migrants:
Human Mobility MovementHuman Mobility Movement
•• Church run shelters explicitly for migrantsChurch run shelters explicitly for migrants
•• Three days of food and shelterThree days of food and shelter now 48-24 hoursnow 48-24 hours
•• Typically near freight yards and rail hubsTypically near freight yards and rail hubs
•• Church, businessChurch, business
people & NGO fundspeople & NGO funds
•• Volunteer staffsVolunteer staffs
•• Word of mouth infoWord of mouth info
•• 54 in Mexico54 in Mexico
•• 10-15 in Central Am.10-15 in Central Am.
•• 30-40 percent of30-40 percent of
Central American migrants using albergues, the restCentral American migrants using albergues, the rest
use coyotes (use coyotes (“polleros”) and casas de huespedes“polleros”) and casas de huespedes
27. 09/30/13 27
Human Trafficking Through Mexico and theHuman Trafficking Through Mexico and the
Southwest Border: Accounts from Hidalgo andSouthwest Border: Accounts from Hidalgo and
Cochise CountiesCochise Counties
Borderline Slavery : Mexico, United States, and theBorderline Slavery : Mexico, United States, and the
Human TradeHuman Trade
Ashgate Press 2012Ashgate Press 2012
Editors:Editors:
Susan TianoSusan Tiano
Moira MurphyMoira Murphy
28. Funnel Effect - Securing the borderFunnel Effect - Securing the border
28
30. ““The Wall” – El Paso SectorThe Wall” – El Paso Sector
30
31. Securing the border andSecuring the border and
immigration reformimmigration reform
““We're confident thatWe're confident that
the border is as securethe border is as secure
as it's ever been,as it's ever been,”” DHSDHS
Secretary Napolitano.Secretary Napolitano.
She asked Congress toShe asked Congress to
pass seriouspass serious
immigration reform soimmigration reform so
DHS can concentrateDHS can concentrate
on its main borderon its main border
priorities.priorities.
(LA Times, April 2013)(LA Times, April 2013)
31
33. DHS PrioritiesDHS Priorities
1. Preventing terrorism – particularly domestic1. Preventing terrorism – particularly domestic
terrorism actsterrorism acts
2. Securing and managing our borders – ICE2. Securing and managing our borders – ICE
and CBP apprehensions and returnsand CBP apprehensions and returns
3. Enforcing immigration laws3. Enforcing immigration laws
4. Safeguarding and securing cyberspace4. Safeguarding and securing cyberspace
5. Ensuring resilience to disasters (FEMA)5. Ensuring resilience to disasters (FEMA)
6. Providing essential support to national and6. Providing essential support to national and
economic security (intellectual property)economic security (intellectual property)
DHS FY 2013 budgetDHS FY 2013 budget
33
34. Migrants are at the mercy of TCOsMigrants are at the mercy of TCOs
•• Funnel Effect - migrants must work withFunnel Effect - migrants must work with
organized criminals to crossorganized criminals to cross
•• Balloon Effect – TCOs use remote areas for crossingBalloon Effect – TCOs use remote areas for crossing
34
35. Sealing the Southwest BorderSealing the Southwest Border
•• Three-tier pricing for crossing the borderThree-tier pricing for crossing the border
First tier -- $4,000-$6,000 for remote crossings,First tier -- $4,000-$6,000 for remote crossings,
guaranteed, but arduousguaranteed, but arduous
Second tier -- $20,000-$30,000 for non-remote crossingsSecond tier -- $20,000-$30,000 for non-remote crossings
in trucks, often from Asia, Africa or Middle East inin trucks, often from Asia, Africa or Middle East in
groups as large as 80 peoplegroups as large as 80 people
Third tier -- $70,000-$85,000 for transport to NorthThird tier -- $70,000-$85,000 for transport to North
America and crossings with documents for well-offAmerica and crossings with documents for well-off
individuals, often from countries that would triggerindividuals, often from countries that would trigger
extensive background checksextensive background checks
*Based on accounts from migrants, migra, former BP, ranchers and the media*Based on accounts from migrants, migra, former BP, ranchers and the media
35
36. Southwest United StatesSouthwest United States
North-South Mountain RoutesNorth-South Mountain Routes
36
New Mexico ranchers: “They [drug smugglers] own the Peloncillo
Mountains. . . and the Chiricahua and the Hatchet Mountains too.
37. FBI PrioritiesFBI Priorities
1. Terrorism1. Terrorism
2. Counterespionage2. Counterespionage
3. Cybercrime3. Cybercrime
4. Public corruption4. Public corruption
5. Civil rights & color of law violations5. Civil rights & color of law violations
6. Fighting organized crime6. Fighting organized crime
7. White collar crime7. White collar crime
8. Violent crime and major thefts8. Violent crime and major thefts
Source: FBI WebsiteSource: FBI Website
37
38. Where’s the War onWhere’s the War on
Drugs and TCOsDrugs and TCOs
Chilton ranch video, LA Times:Chilton ranch video, LA Times:
httphttp
://www.latimes.com/videogallery/74934029/N://www.latimes.com/videogallery/74934029/N
insecurityinsecurity
38
39. Where the TCOs flourish:Where the TCOs flourish:
The cocaine trailsThe cocaine trails
39
41. CBIG’s take onCBIG’s take on
““Securing the BorderSecuring the Border””
•• Currently cost U.S. Federal Gov’t $18 billion/yearCurrently cost U.S. Federal Gov’t $18 billion/year
•• Is a “strategic ritual” done primarily for political reasonsIs a “strategic ritual” done primarily for political reasons
•• Harms the civil rights of migrants and residentsHarms the civil rights of migrants and residents
•• Prohibition turns drug addiction into a law enforcementProhibition turns drug addiction into a law enforcement
issue, instead of public health oneissue, instead of public health one
•• Empowers budgets of DHS and the TCOs at theEmpowers budgets of DHS and the TCOs at the
expense of migrants and border residentsexpense of migrants and border residents
•• Often security agency priorities, such asOften security agency priorities, such as
counterespionage and anti-terrorism run counter tocounterespionage and anti-terrorism run counter to
traditional law enforcement rolestraditional law enforcement roles
41
42. CBO estimates of S.CBO estimates of S. 744 (Judiciary744 (Judiciary
Committee version)Committee version) Impact over 10 yearsImpact over 10 years
•• Increase U.S. population by 10.4 million (1.6m temps)Increase U.S. population by 10.4 million (1.6m temps)
•• 8 million of the current 11 million unauthorized eventually8 million of the current 11 million unauthorized eventually
would get legal status, with no impact on U.S. populationwould get legal status, with no impact on U.S. population
•• Decrease federal deficit by $175 billion* (with caveat**)Decrease federal deficit by $175 billion* (with caveat**)
- Increase Federal mandatory spending by $262 billion- Increase Federal mandatory spending by $262 billion
- Mostly tax credits and health care costs- Mostly tax credits and health care costs
- Discretionary cost of enforcing S. 744 of $22 billion- Discretionary cost of enforcing S. 744 of $22 billion
- Increase federal revenues by $459 billion- Increase federal revenues by $459 billion
- Mostly increased income and payroll taxes- Mostly increased income and payroll taxes
- **Soc. Sec. receipts/spending included in projections- **Soc. Sec. receipts/spending included in projections
(*Unusually this CBO estimate accounts for limited aspects of population and GDP growth.)(*Unusually this CBO estimate accounts for limited aspects of population and GDP growth.)
42
43. CBO estimates of S.CBO estimates of S. 744 (Judiciary744 (Judiciary
Committee version)Committee version) Impact over 10 yearsImpact over 10 years
•• On-Budget Effects of S. 744 by 2023On-Budget Effects of S. 744 by 2023
(“on budget” excludes Social Security and(“on budget” excludes Social Security and
Post Office)Post Office)
-Increased direct spending of $259 billion-Increased direct spending of $259 billion
-Increased direct revenues of $245 billion-Increased direct revenues of $245 billion
•• Increase on-budget federal deficits byIncrease on-budget federal deficits by
$14 billion through 2023$14 billion through 2023
•• S. 744:S. 744: Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization ActBorder Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act
43
44. CBO estimates of S. 744 (Judiciary CommitteeCBO estimates of S. 744 (Judiciary Committee
version) impact between 2023 and 2033version) impact between 2023 and 2033
•• Increase U.S. population by 16.2 million by 2033Increase U.S. population by 16.2 million by 2033
•• Decrease Federal deficit by $700 billion between 2023 andDecrease Federal deficit by $700 billion between 2023 and
20332033
•• Increase “on budget*” deficits by a total of $5 billion or lessIncrease “on budget*” deficits by a total of $5 billion or less
between 2023 and 2033, resulting in a $19 billion deficit 20between 2023 and 2033, resulting in a $19 billion deficit 20
years outyears out (*excluding Social Security receipts & spending)(*excluding Social Security receipts & spending)
•• Total “on budget” deficit increase of about $3 per person per year, each yearTotal “on budget” deficit increase of about $3 per person per year, each year
from 2013 through 2033from 2013 through 2033
•• CBO cannot estimate the budget impacts beyond 2033CBO cannot estimate the budget impacts beyond 2033
•• CBO does not estimate the costs of legislation on state,CBO does not estimate the costs of legislation on state,
local and tribal governmentslocal and tribal governments 44
45. CBO estimates of S. 744 (increased borderCBO estimates of S. 744 (increased border
security of $46.3b) Impact over 10 yearssecurity of $46.3b) Impact over 10 years
•• Increase U.S. population by 9.6 million (1.6m temps)Increase U.S. population by 9.6 million (1.6m temps)
•• 8 million of the current 11 million unauthorized eventually would get8 million of the current 11 million unauthorized eventually would get
legal status, with no impact on U.S. populationlegal status, with no impact on U.S. population
•• Decrease federal deficit by $135 billion* (with caveat**)Decrease federal deficit by $135 billion* (with caveat**)
- Increase federal mandatory spending by $298 billion- Increase federal mandatory spending by $298 billion
- Mostly tax credits and health care costs- Mostly tax credits and health care costs
- Discretionary cost of enforcing S. 744 of $23 billion- Discretionary cost of enforcing S. 744 of $23 billion
- Increase Federal revenues by $456 billion- Increase Federal revenues by $456 billion
- Mostly increased income and payroll taxes- Mostly increased income and payroll taxes
- **Soc. Sec. receipts/spending are included in projections- **Soc. Sec. receipts/spending are included in projections
(*Unusually this CBO estimate accounts for limited aspects of population and GDP growth.)(*Unusually this CBO estimate accounts for limited aspects of population and GDP growth.)
45
46. CBO estimates of S.CBO estimates of S. 744744 Impact overImpact over
10 years10 years
•• On-Budget Effects of S. 744 by 2023On-Budget Effects of S. 744 by 2023
(“on budget” excludes Social Security and(“on budget” excludes Social Security and
Post Office)Post Office)
-Increased direct spending of $298 billion-Increased direct spending of $298 billion
-Increased direct revenues of $244 billion-Increased direct revenues of $244 billion
•• Increase on-budget federal deficits byIncrease on-budget federal deficits by
$52 billion through 2023$52 billion through 2023
•• S. 744:S. 744: Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization ActBorder Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act
46
47. CBO estimates of S. 744 impact betweenCBO estimates of S. 744 impact between
2023 and 20332023 and 2033
•• Increase U.S. population by 14.9 million by 2033Increase U.S. population by 14.9 million by 2033
•• Decrease Federal deficit by $685 billion between 2023 andDecrease Federal deficit by $685 billion between 2023 and
20332033
•• Increase “on budget*” deficits by a total of $5 billionIncrease “on budget*” deficits by a total of $5 billion
between 2023 and 2033, resulting in a $57 billion deficit 20between 2023 and 2033, resulting in a $57 billion deficit 20
years out.years out. (*excluding Social Security receipts & spending)(*excluding Social Security receipts & spending)
•• Total “on budget” deficit increase of about $9 per person per year, each yearTotal “on budget” deficit increase of about $9 per person per year, each year
from 2013 through 2033from 2013 through 2033
•• CBO cannot estimate the budget impacts beyond 2033CBO cannot estimate the budget impacts beyond 2033
•• CBO does not estimate the costs of legislation on state,CBO does not estimate the costs of legislation on state,
local and tribal governmentslocal and tribal governments 47
48. ““The New Americans” (NRC, 1997)The New Americans” (NRC, 1997)
fiscal costs per immigrantfiscal costs per immigrant
in W.A. Kandel’s CRS Cct. 19, 2011 report, “Fiscal Impacts of the Foreign-Born Population”in W.A. Kandel’s CRS Cct. 19, 2011 report, “Fiscal Impacts of the Foreign-Born Population”
•• Educational status of immigrants and time frame matter.Educational status of immigrants and time frame matter.
– Better educated generate fiscal surplusesBetter educated generate fiscal surpluses
– Poorer educated generate fiscal deficitsPoorer educated generate fiscal deficits
– If fewer generations are taken into effect, surpluses decrease andIf fewer generations are taken into effect, surpluses decrease and
deficits increasedeficits increase
•• Foreign born, like natives, cost taxpayers most as children and asForeign born, like natives, cost taxpayers most as children and as
elderly (eventual $80,000 surplus per immigrant over 300 years)elderly (eventual $80,000 surplus per immigrant over 300 years)
– Children consume public educationChildren consume public education
– Elderly consume government-funded health careElderly consume government-funded health care
•• Foreign born cost taxpayers more than native bornForeign born cost taxpayers more than native born
– Foreign born have more childrenForeign born have more children
– Foreign born on average are poorer and receive more income transfersForeign born on average are poorer and receive more income transfers
– Foreign born earn less wages, e.g., pay less taxesForeign born earn less wages, e.g., pay less taxes
48
49. ““The New Americans” 1997 –NRCThe New Americans” 1997 –NRCin W.A. Kandel’s CRS Cct. 19, 2011 report, “Fiscal Impacts of the Foreign-Born Population”in W.A. Kandel’s CRS Cct. 19, 2011 report, “Fiscal Impacts of the Foreign-Born Population”
49
50. Fiscal Impact ofFiscal Impact of
Immigrant Life-StagesImmigrant Life-Stages (Kandel, W.A. for CRS, 2011 p. 14)(Kandel, W.A. for CRS, 2011 p. 14)
50
51. Fiscal Impact on Federal andFiscal Impact on Federal and
State/Local TaxesState/Local Taxes (Kandel, W.A. for CRS, 2011 p. 15)(Kandel, W.A. for CRS, 2011 p. 15)
51
52. Fiscal Impact ofFiscal Impact of
Immigrant Life-StagesImmigrant Life-Stages (Kandel, W.A. for CRS, 2011 p. 17)(Kandel, W.A. for CRS, 2011 p. 17)
52
53. 53
UNM CBIG SupportersUNM CBIG Supporters
UNM Center for Regional StudiesUNM Center for Regional Studies
Latin-American and Iberian InstituteLatin-American and Iberian Institute
UNM Office of the Vice President of Student AffairsUNM Office of the Vice President of Student Affairs
Dart – Border Journalism NetworkDart – Border Journalism Network
Dow Jones Multimedia FundDow Jones Multimedia Fund
UNM College of Arts and SciencesUNM College of Arts and Sciences
UNM Teaching Allocation ServicesUNM Teaching Allocation Services
UNM Dept. of Communication & JournalismUNM Dept. of Communication & Journalism
University Communication and MarketingUniversity Communication and Marketing
Universidad Fray Luca PaccioliUniversidad Fray Luca Paccioli
Tec de Monterrey, Estado de MTec de Monterrey, Estado de Méxicoéxico
COMI – Centro de Orientación de Migrante de OaxacaCOMI – Centro de Orientación de Migrante de Oaxaca
