Pilot urbanrd final report

ii
Pilot Urban Risk Disaster Study Project: A Final Report
Palang Merah Indonesia – PMI
Prepared by:
Bevita Dwi M (PMI NHQ) with Rano Sumarno (PMI West Jakarta Branch, Ahmad Fadhli (PMI
East Jakarta Branch), and Oktariadi (PMI DKI Jakarta Province).
Supported by:
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and Iranian Red Crescent
(Some project activities were in collaboration with American Red Cross.)
Cover photo: Elementary students are playing snake and ladder game about disasters in
Bidara Cina Urban Village, Jakarta Timur (documentation of PMI East Jakarta Branch).
© 2015

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Contents
Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................. iv
Definitions & Abbreviations................................................................................................................ v
Executive Summary............................................................................................................................ vii
1. Introduction...................................................................................................................................1
Background....................................................................................................................................1
Context...........................................................................................................................................2
Methodology ..................................................................................................................................4
2. Key Findings: Desk Review..........................................................................................................5
2.1 PMI ARC Urban Desk Study ...................................................................................................5
2.2 EMI Research..........................................................................................................................8
3. Key Findings: Fieldwork ...............................................................................................................10
3.1 Community Level.................................................................................................................10
3.1.1. Vulnerability and Capacity Assessments (VCA)....................................................10
3.1.2. GIS Mapping................................................................................................................13
3.1.3. Public Awareness Public Education........................................................................15
3.1.4. Contingency Plan (CP) & Table Top Exercise (TTX)............................................18
3.2 City Level..............................................................................................................................20
3.2.1. ITB‘s Research on Vulnerability Assessment of Climate Change
Impact along the Ciliwung River............................................................................20
3.2.2. Advocacy Research....................................................................................................21
3.2.3. BBC Media Action Research.....................................................................................25
4. Analysis.........................................................................................................................................28
4.1 Analysis of RCRC tools for Urban Disaster Risk Reduction ...........................................28
4.2 Relevant External Tools in Urban Disaster Risk Reduction ..........................................31
4.3 Summary of Key Gaps in Urban Disaster Risk Reduction Programmes
and Activities.......................................................................................................................32
5. Conclusion and Recommendations ..........................................................................................33
5.1 DRR & DM in Urban Context...............................................................................................33
5.2 Lesson learnt........................................................................................................................33
5.3 Strategies and Practical Recommendations...................................................................36
Tables...................................................................................................................................................38
Figures..................................................................................................................................................38
References...........................................................................................................................................39
Annexes................................................................................................................................................40
(1) Vulnerability and Capacity Assessments (VCA)..............................................................40
(2) Bidara Cina Urban Village – Jatinegara Sub-district, East Jakarta, 2014 .................40
(3) Kedoya Utara Urban Village West Jakarta, 2014 ..........................................................44

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Acknowledgements
This pilot project was made possible due to the cooperation and support of the IFRC,
Iranian Red Crescent and National Societies, as well as other organizations hereby
acknowledged:
Red Cross & Red Crescent
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent (IFRC)
Indonesian Red Cross Society or Palang Merah Indonesia (PMI)
Iranian Red Crescent
American Red Cross
Australian Red Cross Society
German Red Cross
Netherland Red Cross
PMI North Jakarta Branch
PMI East Jakarta Branch
PMI West Jakarta Branch
PMI Bogor Branch
PMI Depok Branch
PMI DKI Jakarta Province
PMI West Java Province
External Organizations
BBC Media Action
CBAT – Community-based Action Team
Institute for Development and Economic Analysis (IDEA)
Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) or Bandung Technology Institute
Other projects that support:
Integrated Community Based Risk Reduction - Greater Jakarta Project
Integrated Community Based Risk Reduction – Climate Change Project

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Definitions & Abbreviations
Definitions
Urban:
It is in, relating to, or characteristic of a town or city. It also describes other processes
around the concentration and density of goods, services, infrastructure, population and
utilities present in urban areas. Urban populations are heavily dependent on markets for
their daily goods and access to services provided by authorities.
Resilience:
The IFRC defines resilience as, ―the ability of individuals, communities, organizations or
countries exposed to disasters, crises and underlying vulnerabilities to anticipate,
prepare for, reduce the impact of, cope with and recover from the effects of shocks and
stresses without compromising their long-term prospects”.
The definition recognizes that resilience can be observed and strengthened at multiple
levels:
Individual level: a resilient individual is healthy; has the knowledge, skills,
competencies and mind-set to adapt to new situations and improve her/his life,
and those of her/his family, friends and community. A resilient person is
empowered.
Household level: a resilient household has members who are themselves resilient.
Community level: a resilient community strengthens the resilience of its
constituent individuals and households.
Local government: can either strengthen or weaken resilience at the individual,
household and community levels as it is responsible for infrastructure
development, maintenance, social services and applying the rule of law.
National government: resilience at this level deals with policy, social protection
systems, infrastructure, laws and governance issues and can profoundly impact
community resilience.
Organizations, like National Societies including their branches and volunteers:
make contributions that are integral to resilience at all levels.
Regional and Global levels: the impacts of conflicts, violence and insecurity;
hunger; mass migration; economic recession and prosperity; pandemics; pollution
and climate change; positive and negative effects of globalization and new
technology all offer examples of the inter-connectedness of the levels and how
actions at one level can negatively or positively impact the other levels.

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Abbreviations
ARC
ACCCRN
AIFDR
APEKSI
BBC
BPBD
BPDAS
CBAT
CCA
CP
Dasawisma
DKI
DM
DRR
EMI
EWEA
GIS
HOT
HRCV
ICBRR
ICBRR-CC
ICLEI
IDEA
IFRC
JOSM
Jumantik
: Australian Red Cross
: Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network
: Australia-Indonesia Facility for Disaster Reduction
: Asosiasi Pemerintah Kota Seluruh Indonesia
: British Broadcasting Corporation
: Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah or District Disaster
Management Agency
: Balai Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai or Waterhsed
Management Agency
: Community Based Action Team
: Climate Change Adaptation
: Contingency Plan
: A women group consisting of 10 households in one neighbourhood in order
to smoothen any program implementation.
: Daerah Khusus Ibukota or Special Capital Region
: Disaster Management
: Disaster Risk Reduction
: Earthquake and Megacities Initiatives
: Early Warning Early Action
: Geographic Information System
: Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team
: Hazard, Risk, Capacity, and Vulnerability
: Integrated Community Based Risk Reduction
: Integrated Community Based Risk Reduction - Climate Change
: International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives
: Institute for Development and Economic Analysis
: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescents Societies
: Java Openstreet Map
: Juru Pemantau Jentik or Larvae Monitoring Person
KSR
LAP
: Korps Sukarela or Volunteer Corps
: Local Action Plan
LTDP
MTDP
NAP
NGO
NS
PAPE
PKK
PMI
POKMAS
POSYANDU
QGIS
RCRC
Satgana
TTX
UNISDR
VCA
WATSAN
WDR
WG
: Long Term Development Plan
: Medium Term Development Plan
: National Action Plan
: Non-Government Organization
: National Society
: Public Awareness Public Education
: Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga or Development of Family Welfare
: Palang Merah Indonesia or Indonesian Red Cross
: Kelompok Masyarakat or Community Group
: Pos Pelayanan Terpadu or Community Clinic
: Quantum Geographic Information System
: Red Cross and Red Crescent
: Satuan Siaga Penanganan Bencana or Rapid Response Team
: Table Top Exercise
: The United Nations Officer for Disaster Risk Reduction
: Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment
: Water and Sanitation
: World Disaster Report
: Working Group

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Executive Summary
More than a hundred thousand people moved to slum in the developing world every day.
These people had been living in informal settlements and slums without adequate access
to healthcare, clean water, and sanitation. Even in the developed countries, they were
not totally immune against the urban disaster risks. To respond to the growing concerns
over urban risk and support building the capacities of Red Cross and Red Crescent (RCRC)
for effective urban risk reduction and management, the International Federation of Red
Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) partnerships on urban Disaster Risk Reduction
(DRR) and Disaster Management (DM) was initiated in May 2013 with the contribution of
the Iranian Red Crescent.
The pilot urban risk reduction study project was conducted in five selected cities
worldwide: Nairobi, Kenya; Tegucigalpa, Honduras; Yerevan, Armenia; Teheran, Iran; and
Jakarta, Indonesia. This study was implemented from October 2013 to August 2014.
The main difference between urban and rural context was that urban areas have a more
dense population in comparison to rural area. Consequently, they required different ways
to respond to and prepare for disaster. It was therefore important to build the
communities‘ capacity to respond and prepare to urban disasters in Indonesia.
In Indonesia, the pilot city study was implemented in two municipalities (West Jakarta and
East Jakarta) that have the experience of working on Integrated Community Based Risk
Reduction (ICBRR) approach. Two projects had been implemented in the project locations:
the ICBRR-Greater Jakarta Project funded by American Red Cross and the ICBRR-Climate
Change project funded by Netherland Red Cross, German Red Cross and IFRC. In addition,
they also had skilled trainers and community volunteers for DRR technical areas. These
two locations have narrow territories but dense population.
The project conducted the desk research, such as reviewing the documents of PMI-
Australian Red Cross Urban Desk Study and Earthquake Megacities Initiative Research.
Meanwhile, the researches at the field were conducted on community and city levels. In
the community, this project updated the vulnerability and capacity assessment (VCA)
documents, using the Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping (including InaSAFE),
conducting public awareness public education, as well as conducting the contingency plan
development and table top exercise at municipality level. In addition to that, at the city
level, this project took the benefits of the ITB research on vulnerability assessment of
climate change impact along the Ciliwung River, the advocacy research by IDEA and the
BBC Media Action Research on Climate Change Adaptation in Ciliwung Watershed.
The general findings on the VCA tools that there were couple of tools used such as
seasonal calendar (common diseases found: diarrhea, cikungunya, leptospirosis, and
dengue fever), history of disaster and disease, spot mapping and transect mapping,
stakeholder capacity analysis, as well as the trend analysis. Those tools were used in the
rural context but then adjusted to the urban context. Also external tools such as GIS and
InaSAFE are considered important to manage the data become the advocacy level at urban
context. On the other hand, in the public awareness and public education activities, the
project realized that it was important to have all relevant stakeholders involved. Also,
involving the university students in this specific activity has also benefited to reach the
objective of the project.

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At the city level, the research found that the Indonesia City Government Association
(Asosiasi Pemerintah Kota Seluruh Indonesia/APEKSI) was important to be leading the
cooperation in management of Ciliwung Watershed in term of climate change. Also, the
BBC Media Action research has found that only two per cent of communities listened to
the weather forecast, only 21 per cent of them having emergency plan, and only 41 per
cent of them have subscribed to the early warning system. Thus, the PMI could take the
opportunity to improve the percentage by conducting raising awareness event as PMI has
the communities trust.
Through this research, we found that the PMI‘s existence had been increasingly
acknowledged by various stakeholders and its capacity or skill had been improving. This
project has been in line with the ICBRR approach. Further, this project aimed to the multi
sectors local government, BPBD, to pay attention. Thus, BPBD would take over the
program continuation by the end of the project. It was considered important because the
risk in urban areas has become greater.

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1. Introduction
Background
Every day, more than 100,000 people moved to slum in the developing world. Nearly 1.5
billion people currently live in informal settlements and slums without adequate access to
healthcare, clean water, and sanitation. Developed countries were not totally safe and
immune against the urban disaster risks. In the rapidly growing urban risk environment,
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is the responsibility of everyone.
Urban disaster risk reduction and management contributed greatly to achieve the three
strategic aims of International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)‘s
Strategy 2020, which were:
Save lives, protect livelihoods, and strengthen recovery from disasters and crises;
Enable healthy and safe living; and
Promote social inclusion and a culture of non-violence and peace.
In addition to that, there was a turning point in IFRC strategic engagement in urban
disaster risk reduction in the World Disaster Report (WDR) of 2010. It was dedicated to
urban risk. WDR 2010 echoed the global and local concerns over urban disaster risk and
called for effective action for risk reduction in urban areas.
There were global efforts toward Urban Disaster Risk Reduction such as The United Nations
Officer for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) resilient cities campaign; Global Platform for
Disaster Risk Reduction; World Urban Forum 6 in 2012; and Housing and Habitat Forum in
Asia Pacific, America, Europe and Central Asia. Meanwhile, the IFRC took a number of
major initiatives included researches and a number of regional workshops. Also, there
have been urban DRR & Disaster Management (DM) projects that engaged several national
societies. The projects varied from urban risk assessment initiatives (such as risk mapping)
to health, water and sanitation service deliveries to the people in slums and informal
settlements.
However, gaps still existed though major initiatives and projects that have been taken.
They are as follows:
Most of the IFRC guidelines and training materials have been designed for rural
communities, thus it is difficult of National Societies (NS) adapting it to their local
contexts;
IFRC has limited and inadequate global guidance on Red Cross and Red Crescent
(RCRC) programming in urban areas;
Most of the DRR programmes and approaches have been designed for rural
communities or adapted from rural experiences;
NS has limited experience in establishing systematic processes that access, gather
and integrate information on city-level hazard, vulnerability and risk into
programmes and policy formulation; and
NS has limited experience in working with local authorities, professional
organization, private sector, academia, and other local urban actors.

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Thus, to respond to the growing concerns over urban risk and support building the
capacities of RCRC for effective urban risk reduction and management, the IFRC
partnerships on Urban DRR and DM was initiated in May 2013 with the contribution of the
Iranian Red Crescent. The objectives were to scale up RCRC‘s activities to reduce urban
disaster risks and vulnerability, including through advocacy to local government, and to
strengthen RCRC‘s capacities to effectively respond to urban disasters.
The pilot urban risk reduction study project was conducted in five selected cities from
different zones: Nairobi, Kenya; Tegucigalpa, Honduras; Yerevan, Armenia; Teheran, Iran;
and Jakarta, Indonesia. This study was implemented from October 2013 to August 2014.
Context
Referring to the Palang Merah Indonesia (PMI) – Australian Red Cross (ARC) Urban Desk
Study (2014, page 22), there were seven cities in Indonesia that were considered as
densest cities. The seven cities can be seen in the table below. The pilot city study was
implemented in two municipalities (West Jakarta and East Jakarta) that have the
experience of working on Integrated Community Based Risk Reduction (ICBRR) approach
and skilled trainers and community volunteers for DRR technical areas. These two
locations have narrow territories but dense population: West Jakarta‘s territory was
129.54 kilometers square with the population of 18,338 people while the East Jakarta‘s
territory was 188.03 kilometers square with the population of 14,745 people.
City Province Population
Density
(pop/km2
)
Likely Hazard
West Jakarta Jakarta 18,338 Flood, earthquake, fire,
technology failure
Central Jakarta Jakarta 17,239 Flood, earthquake, fire,
technology failure
East Jakarta Jakarta 14,745 Flood, earthquake, fire,
technology failure
Bandung West Java 14,283 Flood, earthquake, technology
failure
South Jakarta Jakarta 13,363 Flood, earthquake, fire,
technology failure
Yogyakarta Yogyakarta 11,957 Earthquake, volcano, forest fire,
technology failure
Tangerang Banten 11,685 Earthquake, flood, fire,
technology failure
Table 1 | Source: PBS adapted from PMI-ARC Urban Desk Study

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The RCRC has recognized that one of the key methods for coping with and adapting to
increasing climate risk was utilizing ‗Early Warning, Early Action‘ (EWEA) strategies. Such
strategies used available information before a humanitarian emergency occurs, with the
goal of systematically triggering action to improve preparedness and response at various
levels; including community level preparedness, national contingency planning based on
scenarios, as well as mobilizing human and financial resources ahead of a disaster.
Therefore this pilot city study focused on strengthening the Disaster Preparedness
(DP)/Disaster Response (DR) System at community level by developing Risk Mapping,
Contingency Plan and Standard Operating Procedures (SOP); including conducting an
emergency drill.
To support behavior change of the community, the project also aimed to develop Public
Awareness Public Education strategy. This initiative has also included the adaptation of
selected key messages for family/household disaster prevention in coordination with
credible information providers. Aside to this, awareness raising events has also been
conducted to community and schools, based on the risk priority.
Integrated Community Based Risk Reduction - Greater Jakarta Project, supported by
American Red Cross
This pilot study project has also benefited from the on-going Greater Jakarta Project,
supported by American Red Cross. This Greater Jakarta Project has been conducted since
2012, targeting 11 villages in 3 district/municipalities in urban areas e.g. North Jakarta
Municipality in DKI Jakarta Province, Depok Municipality and Bogor District in West Java
Province. The project aimed to strengthen urban communities‘ resilience to potential
disaster risks and impacts posed by climate change and environmental degradation
through building the capacity of the Palang Merah Indonesia (PMI) and strengthening its
linkage with government, private sector, as well as in the targeted communities.
In 2013-2014, the American Red Cross and PMI have established collaboration with
Bandung Technology Institute (Institut Teknologi Bandung/ITB) for conducting
Vulnerability Assessment of Climate Change Impact along the Ciliwung River flowing
through Bogor, Depok, and North Jakarta. In collaboration with American Red Cross, this
pilot study project has followed up this ITB research through two activities: (1) Advocacy
research conducted by consultant to identify policy and stakeholder mapping on the
Ciliwung River watershed; and (2) Communication research to identify communication
strategy addressed to community members, government, and related stakeholder along
the Ciliwung River, based on the adaption of the research methods, tools and
questionnaire utilized on the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) Media Action project-
Climate Asia in 2012.
Integrated Community Based Risk Reduction – Climate Change (ICBRR-CC) Project,
supported by Netherland Red Cross, German Red Cross and IFRC
The ICBRR-CC Project supported by Netherland Red Cross, German Red Cross and IFRC has
been conducted since 2007, benefited eight urban villages in West Jakarta and East
Jakarta Municipalities. This pilot project aimed to develop and strengthen the capacities
of PMI West Jakarta and East Jakarta Branches to undertake integrated community-based
risk reduction activities (including climate change adaptation). In addition to this, this
pilot project also aimed to learn about integrating risk reduction, climate change
adaptation and micro finance in one holistic project.

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In practice, the Community Based Action Teams (CBAT) from eight urban villages have
played important roles to support the existing urban villages government on the
emergency response activities. Based on the flood experiences in 2007 and 2013, the CBAT
was actively involved on the early warning dissemination, emergency rapid assessment,
facilitated evacuation and set up field kitchen. In order to reduce health risks, as result of
flood, those CBAT members have also conducting health promotion activities in
coordination with community health center and district health office.
Considering the important role of CBAT, which was based on the experiences from East
and West Jakarta Branch, the PMI National Head Quarter (NHQ) has encourages other PMI
Branches to initiate the establishment of CBAT at urban village level in order to bridge
between PMI and community in conducting disaster management activities.
Methodology
PMI has based the study on the IFRC‘s concept of community resilience. As it was the main
foundation and scope for the objective, planning and implementation of the pilot city
study, which was further defined for urban context. In terms of DRR and DM, this study
addressed the full cycle and components of DRR/DM; including DRR, disaster
preparedness, disaster response and recovery.
In urban context, the risks faced by the communities included hurricanes, cyclones, flood,
earthquake, epidemics, crime, fires, and industrial accidents. Thus this pilot study took
into consideration all actual and potential hazards in the city.
This study has also included research into relevant laws and regulations relating to safety
in the city, identified and addressed the linkage with all other relevant sectors such as the
government, academia, as well as media.
At the end, this pilot city study applied an analytical approach by reviewing the existing
tools and identifying needs and priorities for PMI engagement in urban DRR and DM.

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2. Key Findings: Desk Review
2.1 PMI ARC Urban Desk Study
In 2012; a desk review was conducted by the PMI, supported by the ARC. The background
of the desk review was about the expectations and needs to shift PMI‘s position from
disaster response organization to engage at all stages of the disaster management cycle,
including preparedness and risk reduction. The study aimed to provide guidance to PMI on
best practice in urban response.
The general findings of the study were as follows:
PMI has a strong position to take more active role in disaster preparedness, risk
reduction, and contingency plan as Indonesia‘s largest and most trusted
humanitarian response agency that present in all Indonesia‘s dense urban areas;
PMI has developed a national recovery curriculum, however it should ideally
include specific issues for response in dense urban areas; and
PMI should consider to develop and strengthen agreements with companies that
could provide transport and rubble clearance equipments during times of disaster
response, as well as rubble clearance and debris management training, since urban
communities remain dependent on the transportation of goods and sources of
income to buy goods, thus rapid restoration of access and livelihood emerge as key
features of urban recovery.
In the meantime, PMI is one of the strong national actors in a range of sectors. This review
found specific findings based on the sectors that PMI works in, namely: WATSAN, Shelter,
Health and Psychosocial.
Sector Fact Show case Suggestion
WATSAN In a dense
environment, post
disaster water
supply, sanitation
and hygiene
promotion are
indentified as
priority activities.
It was in 2010 Mount
Merapi response,
PMI demonstrated
its capacity in water
supply and hygiene
promotion. But, it is
very different if the
disaster hits urban
area. Thus, PMI
needed to improve
their capacity to
provide proper post
disaster sanitation
facilities.
PMI could build
their capacity in
repairing and
supplementing
centralized water
infrastructure.
Shelter PMI needed to
enhance and
diversify the range
of interventions
that it has to be an
The Community
Group (Kelompok
Masyarakat/PokMas)
based temporary
housing model that
More options should
be considered in
shelter provision
such as solution for
affected families

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effective shelter
provider in dense
urban response.
PMI used was
successful in rural
disasters such as
West Sumatra, West
Java and
Yogyakarta. But, it
was proved less
successful in the
high density
affected areas such
as southern
Yogyakarta City and
Padang City.
living with host
families, Collective
Centers, permanent
relocation, or
houses renovation
and repair. At the
same time, this
opportunity could
explore other
programmes such as
cash programming,
direct
implementation,
subcontracting
along with
community based
reconstruction.
Health Community and
government have
considered PMI
activities such as
Blood Donor and
First Aid
programmes as
important
contributions to
disaster response.
After a disaster hit
an urban area, the
risk of collapsed
health facilities and
the probability of
disease outbreak in
this area make
these activities
more important.
-none- The possibility of
disease outbreak as
a secondary hazard
should be included
in the contingency
plan.
Psychosocial PMI has a
significant record in
the provision of
Psychosocial
programmes.
A lack of clear
indicators for
measuring the
success or failure of
psychosocial
programming in
recovery response
hampered the
ability to evaluate
the effectiveness of
such responses.
Each urban
population has
different
characteristics in
term of their
experience and
reaction to the
impact of hazards,
therefore it
required different
methodology of

7
psychosocial
assistance
programme. This
sector needed to
work with health
cluster and
department of
health to develop
clear measurable
indicators for
measuring
psychosocial trauma
and strategies to
assist communities
with it; need to
deploy based on
indicators rather
than a mass
reaction; and need
to emphasize
psychosocial aspects
of general recovery
programmes within
programme plans
and activities.
Table 2
This study has also showed that it was important for PMI to consider broadening its areas
of operation to better match the needs of dense urban areas. There might be potential
new areas of operations to be included such as livelihood, rubble clearance and debris
management, and early recovery.
The rapidly displaced communities needed effective sheltering in limited space so it would
be more effective when communal facilities have been pre-identified and prepared for a
rapid influx. These activities needed cross-sectors coordination. Considering multiple
actors responding good solutions in a limited area, this could enhance potential conflicts
because of gaps, overlaps, or quality differences in assistance. Thus, it was important to
build good communications and coordination amongst actors in all sectors.
This review has also concluded that:
Potential for major disasters to occur in Indonesia‘s dense urban areas was
growing;
Since the dense of urban environments were complex, the levels of vulnerability,
coping capacity, and risk vary across the urban landscape;
Density also enhanced the potential of secondary hazards, such as social conflict,
disease proliferation and access issues; and
Disaster preparedness and coordination became vitally important in these complex
environments.

8
As the largest non-government humanitarian agency, PMI would be increasingly called
upon to assist and respond to dense urban disaster. Thus, PMI needed to strengthen and
broaden its existing sectoral capacities, particularly in WATSAN and Shelter. Also, it was
an opportunity to build new capacities in such areas as Livelihoods, Rubble Clearance and
Debris Management as well as Early Recovery programming.
2.2 EMI Research
In developing this pilot project, the PMI has also referred to the Earthquake and
Megacities Initiative (EMI) research, which was completed in October 2011 up to April 2012
by EMI team specialists in urban DRR research, disaster risk management programming,
social participation and knowledge management. This was a research and analysis on the
exercise that inherently considered key elements such as climate change, preparedness,
mitigation, response and early recovery.
To EMI, the urban risk reduction is a long-term, low-visibility process, with little guarantee
of immediate and tangible rewards. Thus, sustainable strategic actions have been proven
to provide new opportunities for investing in and improving the living and livelihood
conditions within at risk communities.
Other key events that contributed to the urbanizations of disasters were increasing
frequency of hydro-meteorological disaster events, extremely dense and unsafely-built
environment, inadequate infrastructures and inefficiency of local governance system.
In this research, IFRC has encouraged the NS, including PMI, to build greater capacities in
urban risk reduction and to initiate resilience-building activities for at-risk urban
communities. The objectives of the research were:
To analyze the urban context, existing knowledge and resources relevant to the
overall purpose of this study through a comprehensive desk study, key informants
interview and workshops with stakeholders;
To develop a guidance document that would help the IFRC to determine a place for
the RCRC services in urban DRR and response.
Thus, this research has proposed several strategies that could address the gaps and build
on RCRC strengths in their programmatic roadmap. The proposed strategies, roles and
values propositions could be read in the following table.
Strategy RCRC Roles in Urban Disaster
Risk Reduction
Value Propositions
Multi-stakeholders
Partnership: Adopt a
participatory and inclusive
approach and reinforce
partnership with local
authorities. Define RCRC
role in Urban Risk Reduction
based on country contexts
and NS structure and solidify
partnership/coordination
with urban stakeholders.
Leveraged working
partnership with national and
local disaster management
authorities for greater access
to decision-making processes
for vulnerable populations.
RCRC should explicitly
position itself as informed
and neutral advocates for
vulnerable and marginalized
populations in the overall
planning, implementation and
evaluation of urban
development programmes.
ISDR Essential #1 on

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Institutional and
Administrative Framework
Emergency Response and
Preparedness: Build on
existing core competencies
in emergency response and
preparedness and expand
them to the urban context
through a campaign to
mobilize and train
volunteers, especially youth.
Further developed
Community-Based Action
Teams. Link these with
the Disaster Preparedness
programme of the local
government to ensure
sustainability.
Focused training activities
on strength areas such as
emergency management
and build partnerships for
undertaking drills for
highly vulnerable urban
communities.
NS could optimize resources
and increase their impact in
urban areas by forging
partnerships with technical
agencies especially on multi-
hazard risk assessment to
inform their emergency
response and preparedness
planning.
ISDR Essential #3 on Multi-
Hazard Risk Assessment
Institutional Capacity:
Improve existing
institutional knowledge and
capabilities on risk profiling
and risk mapping. Also,
adopt simple self-assessment
and indicator tools that can
quickly build knowledge and
skills in the urban context.
Established linkage with
global initiatives such as
the Making Cities Resilient
Campaign.
Built institutional
capacities on risk profiling
and mapping to link risk
parameters to the
conditions of vulnerable
populations.
Partnered with technical
agencies and scientific
organizations to transform
scientific knowledge into
simple planning and risk
communication tools.
NSs were well positioned to
serve as a bridge between the
most vulnerable communities
and the institutions that
govern and serve them.
ISDR Essentials #7 on Training
Education and Public
Awareness and #9 in Effective
Preparedness, Early Warning
and Response.
Tools Adaptation and
Knowledge Sharing: Select
from the existing RCRC tools
and experiences and adapt
them for use in the urban
context.
Focused on adapting tools
that have applications on
Multi-Stakeholder
Partnership, Institutional
Capacity and Emergency
Response and Preparedness.
There was a wealth of urban
programming experiences
within the domestic section
of NS in developed countries
that should be shared with
sister National Societies.
ISDR Essentials #1, #3, #7 and
#9
Table 3
This research also explained that Jakarta has moderate risk of earthquake due to the
distance from the most active inter-plate boundaries but has a much higher risk of flood
disasters because more than 40 per cent of the city was situated below sea level. The 13
rivers that passed through the province add to the city‘s flooding risks.
The focus of the programmatic roadmap was on activities that build on RCRC core
competencies, tools, and those that could leverage existing partnerships.

10
3. Key Findings: Fieldwork
3.1 Community Level
3.1.1. Vulnerability and Capacity Assessments (VCA)
DM in accordance with PMI mandate and perspective was a continuous activity aimed to
mitigate the impact of disasters, reduce risk, and prepare community to manage the
impact of disasters and climate change.
On the early stage of this pilot project, it was necessary to review the VCAs that have
been conducted in West Jakarta and East Jakarta by integrating the urban context.
Thus, here are the findings in using the VCA tools during the project implementation:
Seasonal Calendar
This project used this tool by inserting the climate change element such as the
change of rainfall and temperature as well as the sea level rise. Also, how this
increased the potential risks of flood and water-borne diseases such as diarrhea,
cikungunya, leptospirosis, and dengue fever.
History of Disaster and Disease
This tool went back decades in creating timelines for major event. Also, it serves
as the awareness tool for the community to notice about their surrounding changes
(including the intensity of the changes).
Spot Mapping and Transect Mapping
These tools were used limited in targeted areas. However, in urban context, it is
necessary to analyze beyond the boundaries due to density population and close
areas. Also, the GIS mapping was needed to support the mapping result to be exact
in location and in order to be able to share the data external stakeholders such
government (BPBD) and non-government organizations.
Stakeholder Capacity Analysis
In this urban project, it is recommended to reach up to the neighborhood level.
Since there are many actors play in the urban area, it is important to have good
coordination in between the inter-sectors actors.
Trend Analysis
This tool included more elements such as city development, green program,
rainfall, weather and temperature.

11
CASE STUDIES
Case Study #1: CBAT Gives Significant Role in Urban Context DRR Works
Early on in its inception phase back in 2007, the role of CBAT or Community Based Action
Team was limited to flood alert and evacuation activities right before the onset of flood.
Nowadays, it is apparent that CBAT plays an active role in everyday risk reduction efforts.
For instance, flood monitoring activity is now ingrained in CBAT‘s daily lives. When rainy
season comes or the weather is unusually hot, CBAT members would monitor water levels
in Jakarta and West Java flood gates and relay the information to CBAT coordinator and
PMI who would in turn disseminate this information to the wider community. This
proactive role is highly appreciated by the people in Bidara Cina.
―Coordination saves lives and CBAT members
have made the job of saving lives much easier,‖
said Sukirman, 67 years old, a respected elderly
who assumes the role of CBAT coordinator.
Sukirman recalled the past days when it was
difficult to manage unreliable information that
circulated before a flood as well as the lack of
manpower to organize flood alerts, evacuation
steps and food distribution. Now, thanks to
CBAT, he can focus on his job as a coordinator
who oversees preparedness and emergency
activities.
Aside from its role in flood preparedness, CBAT
also plays a key role in linking up with long-term
risk reduction activities initiated by the government. According to Muhammad Fadhli, PMI
East Jakarta Project Officer, the participatory mapping exercise has served as a point of
entry to open up discussions and explore advocacy opportunities with the government.
―When we presented our mapping result to the government, they responded positively.
They informed us several risk reduction activities that the government has in the pipeline
and could be implemented in collaboration with us,‖ said Fadhli who pointed out that the
current government is much more open and accessible by the public. **
Table 4
Sukirman, the CBAT Bidara Cina
coordinator is showing the CBAT
structure of his sub-village. (Text &
Photo: Intan Febriani for PMI)

12
Case Study #2: Capacities of CBAT Improved Well and Strong
―I can tell how the CBAT members have been growing in term of their knowledge,
especially in preparedness,‖ Rano Sumarno, Project Coordinator of PMI West Jakarta for
Urban Study Pilot Project, recalled the beginning of the project couple years ago. He
refers to the previous project, Integrated Community Based Risk Reduction (ICBRR) Project
which was implemented in 2007 up to 2011. When it started, the PMI staff and volunteers
were closely coaching the community volunteers in conducting the project. Everything was
new to the people so PMI had to work really hard in introducing the knowledge about
identifying hazards, risks, capacities, and other things related to the disaster.
Back to couple of years ago, PMI volunteers facilitated the Vulnerability and Capacity
Assessment (VCA) for the community in Kedoya Utara in order to have the data
documented well. It was expected that the people could be better prepared in facing
regular flooding in their area.
Today, Sanusi H Saali (53 years old) is making a plan for a movie screening event for his
communities with the other Community Based Action Team (CBAT) members as an
awareness raising event. They identify the targeted communities, decide the venue and
time of the event, prepare the equipment and other supporting tools, supply the meal,
prepare the budget for the event, and identify potential donors for the upcoming event or
program activities (such as local government leaders, local religious leaders and the
private sectors). ―PMI informed us that there is small budget that we can use to do this
event, supported by Australian Red Cross. So, PMI requested the CBAT to prepare a
proposal. So, here we are,‖ Sanusi showed the planning posted on the wall. He and two
other team members spent their afternoon in PMI West Jakarta office developing the plan.
―They did the plan by themselves. We did not intervene at all. Only after they finished
they then discussed it with us,‖ added Rano.
Having the CBAT members‘ capacities improved well and strong, the pilot project was
running well. The CBAT updated the VCA without PMI staff facilitating them. The CBAT
also assisted the PMI with several flood responses in VCA. They were able to bridge the
community and local government, as well as the private sectors as CBAT has gained trust
from their community. Thus, CBAT and PMI believe they can do other good projects in the
future by learning from this pilot project. ** (Text: Cici Riesmasari for PMI)
Table 5

13
Figure 1
3.1.2. GIS Mapping
The Environment Protection Agency (EPA) of United State website defined Geographic
Information System (GIS) as ―a computer system that allows us to map, model, query, and
analyze large quantities of data within a single database according to their location,‖
(EPA, 2015). It gives us the power to: create maps, integrate information, visualize
scenario, present powerful ideas and develop effective solutions.
According to this agency, GIS was a tool used by individuals and organizations, schools,
governments and private sectors seeking innovative ways to solve their problems. Dozens
of map layers can be arrayed to display information about transportation networks,
hydrography, population characteristics, and economic activity and even for political
jurisdictions.
On the programmatic directions for the RCRC in building urban community resilience in
the Asia Pacific Region, it was recommended to adjust VCA tools with GIS mapping to help
ensure the accuracy of community manual mapping. This tool was also integrated to
enable the efficient knowledge sharing internally and with external stakeholders.
Furthermore, this tool was integrated with Quantum Geographic Information System
(QGIS)—a user friendly open source GIS licensed under General Public License—can be
easily integrated within PMI‘s skills.
In the meantime, the National Disaster Management Agency (Badan Nasional
Penanggulangan Bencana/BNPB) supported by the Australia-Indonesia Facility for Disaster
Reduction (AIFDR) and Humanitarian Openstreetmap Team (HOT) have developed an open
source risk modeling software: The Indonesia Scenario Assessment for Emergencies
(InaSAFE) since 2011. InaSAFE was a free software that produces realistic natural hazard

14
impact scenarios for better planning, preparedness, and response activities. It provided a
simple but rigorous way to combine data from scientists, local governments, and
communities to provide insights into the likely impacts of future disaster events.
In 2013, PMI staff and volunteers attended training on Openstreetmap, QGIS, and InaSAFE
which was supported by Australian Red Cross. Thus, this pilot urban risk reduction project
took the opportunity to apply the development of risk mapping by using Openstreetmap,
QGIS and InaSAFE in two targeted villages. In the implementation of mapping using GIS,
there were consideration to add the elements based on the Urban Desk Study such as
WATSAN, Health, Shelter, Livelihood, and Coordination during emergency response and
recovery for urban setting. However, up to this reporting process, the project has not
been completely using the InaSAFE because the limited time and skill required completing
the whole process.
GIS mapping was one of tools used in this pilot project. The inputs needed in conducting
this mapping are the history of disaster, the urban hazard elements also the urban
capacity element. The trained volunteers used GPS and conducted the walking paper tool.
This mapping was done based on one hazard per one community. In Kedoya Utara, the
mapping was done through dasawisma1
cadres. Each cadre mapped 10 houses. This
approach allowed all of the data from the neighborhoods to be collected, checked, and
updated. All the sampling areas which was decided or selected based on the priorities of
the most prone areas and active CBAT.
The risk mapping in two municipalities focused on flood hazard and health issues. Before
the risk mapping was conducted, risk mapping objectives was socialized to the community
leaders to get their commitment and identify potential community groups to support the
development of risk mapping. The risk mapping was conducted on 3rd
and 4th
week of June
2014. Both municipalities showed enthusiasm for the process. In the beginning, urban
village of Bidara Cina only targeted to map three neighborhoods; but then based on the
community leaders‘ request, the mapping was also done for other urban villages in that
municipality.
In addition, the mapping was done for three targeted neighborhoods in Kedoya Utara
Municipality. The CBAT also focused on identifying the resources or capacity for the whole
municipality in order to support the resources mobilization when the contingency plan was
activated. Later they coordinated with dasawisma and other community groups to
synchronize the data from the risk mapping and identification.
1
A women group consisting of 10 households in one neighborhood in order to smoothen any program
implementation

15
Figure 2
After the risk mapping was conducted, a follow up action was in-depth orientation for the
GIS system. There were 15 participants from PMI of West Jakarta and East Jakarta
Branches involved in this activity on 5-7 July 2014. Based on the data from walking paper,
the facilitator guided the participants to digitize data using Java OpenStreetMap (JOSM),
and then analyze the result by using QGIS in order to support the development of disaster
scenario by using InaSAFE.
3.1.3. Public Awareness Public Education
In order to support communities‘ behavior change, this project also aimed to develop the
Public Awareness Public Education (PAPE) strategy. There were three steps taken: (1)
adapting key message taken from the result of VCA; (2) selecting the method in delivering
the message, whether to the
school community,
community group and/or the
household; and (3) taking
feedback and conducting
evaluation to improve the
approach in PAPE strategy.
From the three steps above,
the most important was
monitoring the impact of the
PAPE in the community/
school/household.
Figure 3

16
In July 2014, the volunteers from PMI national headquarters, PMI Chapter of DKI Jakarta,
and West Jakarta as well as East Jakarta Branches attended a workshop on PAPE in order
to identify the key message for flood, climate change, and dengue which were based on
the VCA priorities.
During the workshop, it was agreed that the key message dissemination would focus on the
flood preparedness action at family level. Thus, this initiative also included the adaptation
of selected key messages for family or household disaster prevention in coordination with
reliable information provider such as existing Health Cadres within the communities
[Dasawisma, Larvae Monitoring Person (Juru Pemantau Jentik/Jumantik) or Community
Clinic (Pos Pelayanan Terpadu/Posyandu).
The participants also identified several methods to convey the message to different
community groups such as women group, youth group, school children, etc. In addition to
this, the participants also identified the possibility to mobilize key persons in the
community in delivering the key message for PAPE.
PAPE in Kedoya Utara Urban Village, West Jakarta
In Kedoya Utara, CBAT and PMI targeted household and school children. They also used the
result of VCA and health data provided by Health Cadres in identifying the target audience
and the key message. It was identified that diarrhea was the biggest threat for children as
the water quality in this area has been decreasing over the years especially in 01, 02 and
08 neighborhoods.
In the community level, the PAPE strategy was developed with the support of PMI
Volunteer Corps (Korps Sukarela/KSR) from university. In order to get communities‘
commitment to implement PAPE at household level, PMI facilitators engaged the head of
neighborhood in inviting the community members and conducting household visits. Three
community meetings were conducted by five facilitators. Overall, 95 people attended the
community meetings in all of the targeted neighborhoods.
The key messages were delivered by conducting focus group discussion with women
groups. The key messages were also demonstrated in all of the targeted villages with the
help of posters as media of communication. In addition, household visits that targeted
housewives were conducted. However, as some of the women were not at home because
they went to the market during the household visits; the facilitators delivered the key
messages to whomever at home at the moment.
During the feedback process, one of the issues identified was awareness raising for clean
and healthy behavior, e.g. through proper hand washing. Further, these awareness raising
activities required collaboration with relevant stakeholders, such as religious leaders and
heads of the local administrative.
Although the community members appreciated CBAT and PMI team in facilitating this PAPE
activity; gathering them for the awareness raising event remained a challenge. Another
challenge was community also had difficulties accessing the clean water in their
neighborhood.

17
To address these challenges, after the awareness raising session, the facilitator engaged
the women group in a discussion on the possibility of producing a proposal on having
better access to clean water and a proper hand washing spot in their neighborhood.
In the school level, the CBAT and PMI also targeted the playgroups. The reasons were to
target local community members since the elementary schools have many of their
students came from non-targeted areas. Thus, CBAT and PMI agreed that if they targeted
the playgroup children, the parents or guardians would always accompany their children so
the raising awareness could reach both the children and parents at the same time. During
the project, CBAT and PMI West Jakarta Branch conducted up to three times by mobilizing
five facilitators and reached up to 190 children in three schools located in project area.
The awareness activity was conducted during school hour which was at 08:00 am up to
09:00 am. Similarly, the CBAT and the PMI also approached the informal child group (for
example soccer group, badminton group, etc.) in order to reach more individuals within
the areas of intervention.
CBAT conducted the awareness raising activity three times in the community and in
schools during the project life span. After they conducted the awareness raising, they
monitored the impact of the activity by delivering key questions through other active
community group such as Jumantik, Posyandu and Dasawisma. These community groups
were requested to observe and interview the targeted people on hand washing to stop the
germ chain in the community. As the pilot project run in a short duration, the impact of
PAPE activity cannot be measured yet up to the preparation of the report.
The challenge was to use the tools in delivering the PAPE which was adequate for early
childhood level. The available tools were for adult such as lenong (traditional
performance) and games for elementary up. Thus the CBAT and PMI developed and
adapted three children songs, demonstration and storytelling since the targeted audiences
were children below 5 years old. Using song and games were interested and fun for the
children. The demonstration ensured that the children to practice the hand washing
properly and the storytelling was based on the family setting whereas the key message
was about the importance of washing their hands before eating using soap and clean water
to prevent diarrhea. They really enjoyed the process of understanding the message as well
as the practice after it.
After conducting the awareness session, the facilitators asked the teachers and parents
about their feedback. Based on the discussion, the teachers and parents also gained the
benefit from the activity as they have better knowledge about how to wash their hands
properly.
PAPE in Bidara Cina Urban Village, East Jakarta
Meanwhile, in Bidara Cina Urban Village, CBAT and PMI identified the key message was risk
reduction measures with three sub-key messages as follow.
1. Introduction the notion of hazard, risk, vulnerability and capacity (HRVC);
2. Identification of existing HRCV at their environment; and
3. Risk reduction efforts in the event of a disaster.

18
The PMI East Jakarta Branch
conducted the PAPE in three
elementary schools in Bidara
Cina. They mobilized six
facilitators, which consisted of
volunteers and staff of PMI East
Jakarta. During the project life
span, they reached up to 120
school children. They visited
the schools and requested the
headmasters‘ support for these
activities. The session was
conducted during school hours
at 09:00 am up to 01:00 pm.
The PMI facilitators used three
methods in conveying the
message to the elementary
school children: focus group
discussion, games, and singing. They presented PMI-style snake and ladder game to raise
the awareness about hazard, risk, vulnerability and capacity to the children. In addition to
this, they also played movie about disasters. During the group discussion, they guided the
school children to identify the existing hazard, risk, vulnerability and capacity in their
surroundings. At the same time, the facilitators encouraged the school children to identify
risk reduction measures.
Despite of the limited time as well as parents and community members‘ participation, the
facilitators gained appreciation from school teachers and the parents about this activity.
They were happy that their children increased their awareness by learning about the risks
around them.
3.1.4. Contingency Plan (CP) & Table Top Exercise (TTX)
CP involves anticipating a specific hazard based on specific events or known risks at local,
national, regional or even global levels–such as earthquakes, floods or disease outbreaks;
and establishing operational procedures for response based on expected resource
requirements and capacity (Contingency Planning Guide – IFRC, 2012). This planning is
important to be prepared in emergency response. Developing a contingency plan also
involves making decisions in advance about the management of human and financial
resources, coordination and communications procedures; and being aware of a range of
technical and logistical responses. It was also stated in the guide that time spent in
contingency planning equals time saved when a disaster occurs.
During the project, an orientation about CP and standard operating procedure (SOP) was
conducted. 28 staff and volunteers from PMI NHQ, PMI Chapter DKI and West Jakarta as
well as East Jakarta Branches attended this event. They were introduced to the early
warning and early action approach to lead the development of SOP. This orientation also
endorsed the utilization of PMI‘s community based early warning system manual which was
developed in 2013 to be applied in urban setting.
The students in Bidara Cina are learning about the hazards in
natural disasters using snake and ladder game in their school yard.
(Photo: Doc. PMI East Jakarta).

19
Considering the urban setting into the development of CP and SOP, this pilot project
sought to engage the existing urban village-level system (including village government and
community groups) by involving all relevant community groups. At the end of the
orientation, the participants also agreed to develop flood contingency plan which health
sensitive or considering health component in it.
The District Disaster Management Agency (Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah/BPBD)
of DKI Jakarta has endorsed the development of CP for each village in DKI Jakarta Province
in 2013. However, the CP has not been formalized by local government. Moreover, there
were no SOP developed to operate the CP and no socialization conducted up to village
level. Thus, during the flood in January 2014, the CP did not work as it should be.
Therefore, this pilot urban study project focused on adding the value of the existing CP by
providing risk analysis based on the VCA and GIS Mapping result and supporting the
development of SOP; as well as conducting Table Top Exercise (TTX) to test the
effectiveness of the role and responsibilities for each stakeholder at community level for
preparedness for better response.
In August 2014, PMI staff and volunteers focused on building the coordination with BPBD
DKI Jakarta Province as well as related stakeholders at community level, such as head of
neighborhood and religious leaders, for updating the CP.
To support the development of CP at urban village level, PMI in East Jakarta and West
Jakarta Branches explored the utilizing of QGIS and InaSAFE software. In order to develop
worst case scenario, the VCA result as well as the flood exposure in 2007 had been
digitized on the map. The flood in 2007 has been selected as a basis of InaSAFE, because it
was considered as the worse flood in Jakarta. However, considering some of physical work
done by government of Jakarta City, the PMI also manually collected the data of 2013
flood width and height through the VCA process.
In September 2014, both PMI of West Jakarta and East Jakarta established collaboration
with municipality level in order to review the existing flood CP as well as adding the risk
analysis based on the updated VCA and QGIS map result.
The recommendation from Urban Desk Study by the Australian Red Cross was to consider
the road access as well as physical structure that can be utilized for evacuation shelter
and community organization, including communities‘ assets that are available to mobilize
whenever a disaster occurs.
On 6 November 2014, a TTX was conducted to improve the communications and
coordination among the stakeholders, especially resources mobilization through an agreed
mechanism; to improve the involvement of all sectors in disaster management; and to give
recommendation on CP of Kedoya Utara. This TTX was facilitated by two facilitators from
PMI DKI Province and BPBD and participated by 40 people from the local administration
such as the head of village, the village secretary, communities, PMI and CBAT. As a result
of the activity, participants‘ understanding on the importance and CP development
process, motivation to actively participate in the TTX, and preparedness for disaster had
increased.
The process was hindered because the 2013 CP document was not disseminated well
among the relevant stakeholders, so the participants had different levels of understanding
of it. The recommendations that came up after the activity were as follows: (1) the

20
finding from TTX should be shared to all relevant stakeholders; (2) the TTX should be
followed up with drill (function and full-scale exercise) supported by all stakeholders; and
(3) a discussion should be conducted among the organizations, non-government
organization, private sectors with BPBD to discuss contingency plan policy, the role of
NGO/private sectors which has community development programme, especially in
facilitating contingency plan in community.
The CP and TTX were also supporting the 6-hours arrived strategy of PMI on the emergency
response phase. This 6-hours arrived strategy has emphasized for PMI at branch level to
conduct early response activities within six hours after disaster occurs, such as conducting
rapid assessment; mobilizing the Rapid Response Team (Satuan Penanganan Bencana/
Satgana); and conducting emergency relief activities including Search and Rescue (SAR),
evacuation, temporary shelter, and relief distribution, as well as activating Disaster
Command Post.
Although this 6-hours arrived strategy was intended to be implemented by PMI at all
levels, considering the community suffered the most when disaster happens, it was
important to strengthen the existing system at community level to conduct adequate early
response activities before the external support comes to their respective area.
3.2 City Level
3.2.1. ITB’s Research on Vulnerability Assessment of Climate Change Impact
along the Ciliwung River
PMI and American Red Cross conducted a research with Bandung Institute of Technology
(Institut Teknologi Bandung/ITB) on the Activities in Vulnerability Assessment of Climate
Change Impact along the Ciliwung River Flowing through Bogor, Depok and Jakarta. It was
conducted in March 2013 involving the researchers from ITB, KSR and the community in
the area of research as respondents.
This study was to see the impact of climate change in North Jakarta, Depok, Bogor and its
surrounding areas, especially the region near Ciliwung River. There were three aspects of
climate impacts studied, which were: (1) the aspects of potential flood, availability of
water by 2035 and sea level rise by 2100; (2) the aspects of adaptive capacity; including
the infrastructure, economic, technological, and social as well as ability or knowledge;
and (3) the adaptation options accordance with the characteristic of climate change
impacts in the area.
The objective of this study was to obtain appropriate adaptation options with the
projections of climate disaster impact that will happen in the future. These are the
findings from this research:
The temperature was projected to increase by 2°C in Jakarta, 1.3°C in Depok, and
2.5°C in Bogor in 2035 against the baseline year of 2012;
The rainfall was projected to increase by 40mm in Jakarta, 100mm in Depok, and
200mm in Bogor in 2035 against the baseline year of 2012;
Ground water reserve deficit was projected to rise to 14,452 billion liters per year
in Jakarta in 2035, against the baseline year of 2012;

21
Sea level was projected to rise in North Jakarta and potentially cause the
immersion to reach 62.3 km
2
by 2100, or 9.4% increase from 2020 (immersion of
8.86 km
2
);
The community adaptive capacity was high enough for Infrastructure indicators
(80%) and technology (72%). Jakarta was the city with the highest adaptive
capacity (70%) compared to Depok (62%) and Bogor (57%); and
The three main community considerations to take adaptation action were the
effectiveness of adaptation actions, economic ability and suggestions from other
community or experts.
This study has shown that North Jakarta is highly prone to flood during the high rainy
season. If this area got hit by flood, its neighboring municipality such as West Jakarta
would also be impacted by the flood.
3.2.2. Advocacy Research
Advocacy was about persuading people to make changes, whether in policy, practice,
system or structures. For the IFRC, this means changes that improve conditions for
vulnerable people (Disaster risk reduction: global advocacy guide, 2012). This was about
speaking for others and working with others to speak for themselves. It was a way of
taking community voices to different levels of decision-making. Looking at the IFRC vision
of Strategy 2020, the humanitarian diplomacy would bring greater access to help people
who are vulnerable; earlier attention to situations and causes of vulnerability; deeper
public, governmental and partner support, and more resources for addressing
vulnerabilities; as well as stronger recognition of community perspectives in the
international humanitarian and development system and cooperation arrangements.
Institute Development and Economic Analysis (IDEA) has suggested that a strategic PMI
position needed to be followed up with the capacity building in disaster works as well as
enhancing its networking at community level and government level. This strategy needs to
be set up to respond to the increase of community‘s awareness on disaster efforts and the
availability of government unit specific for disaster.
PMI
nee
ded
to
cla
rify
the
str
ate
gy
to
con
duc
t
dis
ast
er
ma
Figure 4

22
nagement work in community and government. Firstly, PMI worked with the community to
strengthen community action plan, especially in health service. This community action
plan would be the roadmap for the community in realizing resilient kampong/village.
Secondly, PMI collaborated with the district government to implement the district action
plan and work plans of respective working units to find any opportunity to synergize the
PMI‘s and the government working units‘ work plans, which is can be the opportunity to
access the government budget in conducting activities.
System Implementation and Funding Institutional on DRR- Climate Change Adaptation
(CCA) Activities in Ciliwung Watershed
The stakeholder analysis was an analysis on
individual and/or institutional that affected
or be affected by PMI DRR-CCA programme
along the Ciliwung Watershed. This analysis
was important to identify the role and
responsibility of organization or
government in province and district/city.
Stakeholders‘ data and info can be used to
assess how far the stakeholder needs
attention in developing the practical steps
in addressing Urban DRR in Greater Jakarta.
In Government Regulation No. 37 Year 2012
about Watershed Management, it was
stated that the management of the 117
kilometers long and 347 kilometers wide
Figure 5
Figure 6

23
Figure 7
Ciliwung River were divided among two provinces. The regulation also stated that the
main task and function to manage the watershed were divided into three levels of
administration: (1) government at national level institution (watershed management
agency, (2) province agency (DKI Jakarta and West Java, and (3) district/city
administration.
On the other hand, based on the benefit, we can see four stakeholders as the major
beneficiaries of the watershed: the private sector, national and local level government,
and civil society.
Proposed Institutional Development and Disaster Risk Reduction in the Urban Climate
Change Perspective Ciliwung Watershed
The implementation of climate DRR through adaptation process along the Ciliwung River
needs specific approach. The effort to reduce the disaster risk with adaptation process
needed to be synchronized with the national adaptation plan and consider the main task
and watershed management of Forestry Ministry. These were important to ensure the
achievement of targeted cross-sector activities, avoid insufficient adaptation and conflict
in between mitigation and adaptation, as well as to open wider opportunities to intervene
with the livelihood system identified in the adaptation planning process.
In this project, there was also a literature study of relevant policy, which was the
Government Regulation No. 37 year 2012 on Watershed Management. It was identified that
the management of Ciliwung River Basin was divided among various levels of government
in the two provinces. The Government Regulations divides the duties and functions of the
Ciliwung watershed management to: (1) Central Government [Watershed Management
Agency (Balai Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai/BPDAS)]; (2) The Provincial Government
(the government of DKI Jakarta Province and West Java Province); and (3) The

24
City/District Government (the Government of Bogor City and Bogor District). In addition to
this, the study also found that based on its utilization; there were at least four key
stakeholders that gained benefit from the watershed, namely: (1) foreign corporations,
(2) state-owned enterprises, (3) regional-owned enterprises, and (4) civil Society.
This research conducted SWOT analysis in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of PMI.
The strengths were: PMI has extensive networking from national to grassroots level; has
rapid disaster response capacity; has huge number of volunteers‘ network from grassroots
to national level; and has high commitment and support from the community of global,
national and local levels. Meanwhile, the weakness were that the PMI programme has
limited knowledge on climate change adaptation thus PMI has not been specifically put
climate change adaptation component as a priority agenda, no specific budget was
allocated for it also.
Referring to the stakeholder analysis and SWOT analysis, these following steps were
proposed as "Practical steps in addressing the Urban Disaster Risk Reduction in Greater
Jakarta". Steps for PMI are as follow.
(1) To link PMI strategic planning and city-scale development planning;
(2) To establish a quarterly inter-city DRR-CCA forum hosted by Indonesia Municipality
Association (APEKSI);
(3) To facilitate CBAT participation in Asia City Climate Change Resilience Programme;
(4) To be involved in catchment area revitalization in upstream area;
(5) To build the capacity for training on DRR-CCA for city official using PMI module;
(6) To develop a city to city DRR-CCA case study at APEKSI best practice book (annual);
(7) To be involved in the community DRR-CCA activities and initiative mapping;
(8) To facilitate experience changing; and
(9) To encourage comprehensive collaboration with private sectors on DRR-CCA
activities.
The verification of research finding was conducted on 11 September 2014, with the
participation of two persons from the Municipality Association (Asosiasi Pemerintah Kota
Seluruh Indonesia/APEKSI), three persons from the government of DKI Jakarta Province,
three persons from the government of Bogor District and one person from the government
of Bogor District, six persons from PMI and one person from American Red Cross. During
the verification workshop, some of input and recommendation that can be utilized to
develop PMI advocacy strategy for urban risk reduction initiative were identified.
The verification workshop related to stakeholders was conducted at the APEKSI office on 6
October 2014. During the workshop, some of recommendation was identified for better
consultancy report development:
The consultancy report had been focused on disaster management as an entry point.
However, considering the setting of Ciliwung Watershed, this entry point did not fit
with the richness of urban context. Therefore it was recommended that the report
would serve as a diagnostic assessment for Ciliwung Watershed;
The report would highlight the underlying causes: forest depreciation, changing of
spatial planning, availability of ground water availability; domestic/household waste
management;
The analysis should focus on the urban resilience such as ―Health, Economic,
Environment, Infrastructure and Disaster Preparedness‖;

25
The report also would provide the opportunity of PMI to enhance Public Awareness
Public Education at community level as well as city level; and
The opportunity of APEKSI to facilitate the dialogue, conduct the analysis for
collaborative actions amongst related stakeholder along the Ciliwung Watershed and
enhancing the eco-region approach for Ciliwung Watershed.
3.2.3. BBC Media Action Research
In collaboration with American Red Cross Supported Project (Greater Jakarta Project), this
pilot study project adapted the research methods, tools and questionnaire utilized on the
BBC Media Action project-Climate Asia. This Climate Asia Project was conducted on 2012
and applied quantitative and qualitative research study to identify public understanding of
climate change in Asia. It was funded by the UK Department for International
Development (DFID). Climate Asia interviewed over 33,500 people across seven countries –
Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan and Vietnam. The resulting
comprehensive data set paints a vivid picture of how people live with climate change now.
This study aimed to translate the result of Vulnerability Assessment of Climate Change
Impact along the Ciliwung River, produced by Bandung Technology Institute (ITB) into
communication strategy addressed to community members, government, and related
stakeholder along the Ciliwung River.
The BBC Media Action provided identification tool (qualitative and quantitative) of the key
components of the perception of stakeholders and climate change communication of Red
Cross. The objective was to identify the communities‘ need, motivation and barriers
including communicating message and establishing effective communication measures
with the communities. It would be important to include the cultural characteristic of the
region while undertaking this identification. This activity served as the base to the
development of a new communications strategy.
This research had used a mixed method approach, including qualitative and quantitative
methods, to understand people‘s perceptions of changes in climate and the environment
as well as the impacts of these changes in their lives. The findings would inform adequate
communication to support people‘s needs in responding to these changes.
The orientation for surveyors was conducted on 28-29 October 2014 in Jakarta. This
orientation was facilitated by a researcher from BBC Media Action, attended by seven
participants from North Jakarta and participants Bogor District, and two people for in
depth interview. The orientation was focused on the how to conduct the survey includes
selection of the respondents, data entry, data submission, etc.
The qualitative research included in-depth interviews with experts and opinion formers,
audience focus groups, and community assessments in Jakarta and Bogor. The in-depth
interviews were conducted with key experts and opinion-formers from national and local
government, the media, the private sector, civil society, scientist, and academia. Focus
group participants were members of the public. At each location, focus group participants
were selected according to age, gender, occupation, and social class to capture a diversity
of views within the population.
The survey was conducted on 31 October-8 November 2014 with 132 respondents in three
urban villages in North Jakarta and 168 respondents in five urban villages in Bogor District.

26
There were two Focus Group conducted for in North Jakarta Municipality and Bogor
District, targeting 15-20 participants from community group representatives. In
quantitative, there were 300 respondents. It was 150 people in each location (Bogor and
Jakarta). Aside from this, the in-depth interview was conducted for Bogor District and
North Jakarta, targeting the District Disaster Management Agency (Badan Penanggulangan
Bencana Daerah/BPBD), local radio, religious leader and local NGO.
Based on the research finding; people in downstream Ciliwung, particularly North Jakarta
areas, were the most impacted by the changing climate. Thus, they have to make the
most changes, especially in terms of livelihoods. This was done primarily by changing job,
supplementing their income through other work, and/or going away for periods of the
year.
A third of these people were making changes to their lifestyles in responding to changes in
weather and availability of resources. However, unlike livelihood changes, lifestyle
changes were being mostly carried out by the richer people living in larger cities,
particularly larger cities. Popular actions among larger cities were using electricity more
efficiently and recycling or reusing water.
People in Indonesia perceive changes
in climate differently. Consequently,
they felt different impact and took
different actions to respond to these
changes.
In order to understand people‘s needs
and identify opportunities to
communicate with them effectively,
Climate Asia has analysed survey data
from across the region and placed
people into five discrete segments,
using a process called cluster analysis.
Each segment varies in the factors
that enable and prevent response. As
such, each cluster has different
communication needs and needed to
be supported in different ways. We
have called these segments surviving,
struggling, adapting, willing and
unaffected.
The urban poor women have been selected as priority audience, as they were identified as
a vulnerable group. Most of these women were working as housewives, shopkeepers, and
junior office workers. Experts and opinions-formers stressed the vulnerability of this group
as they less likely to be involved in decision making in their communities and to have
information access. The urban poor women also felt that there would be no chance for
them to improving their way of conforming to changes in climate.
Thus, it was important to build the knowledge and inspire innovation of these urban poor
women; turn the willingness into action; create awareness on how current actions can
help deal with future impacts and encourage the urban poor women to be leaders within
their peer group.
Neneng is a housewife living in North Jakarta, downstream of
Ciliwung Watershed. She was worried about her children‘s
future. Thus, identifying specific ways to communicate to help
her and other women in facing the impact of climate change are
important. (Photo: BBC Media Doc.)

27
Mpok Neneng, a housewife living in North Jakarta,
downstream of Ciliwung watershed, lives with her
small family, two teenage daughters and her
husband. Toto, her husband is working with a salted
dried fish factory as a labor. Unpredictable season
in the last decade has ruined his income. Rainy
season come way too early. Fish are getting
difficult to catch and drying production mostly fails.
(Source: BBM Media Action, 2014)
BBC Media Action concluded that the drivers for these women were concern of the natural
environment, willingness to be
healthy, and wanting a better
future for their children.
Meanwhile, the most preferred
means of information delivery
were from the news, reality
show, and soap opera. Ninety
five percent of these urban
women received the
information on climate change
through television.
In addition, the communities that were living in Ciliwung Watershed were worried about
extreme weather event. But, they were less likely to respond. Based on BBC Media Action
research, as many as 71 per cent of the communities were aware about the risk, yet only
31 per cent of them were prepared. BBC Media action found that there were only two per
cent of the communities were listening to weather forecast, 21 per cent of them already
had the emergency plan, and less than 50 per cent (41 per cent) were subscribed to early
warning system (please see figure 8). Here, the PMI could see the opportunities to change
the finding percentage, as PMI staff and volunteers have the communities trust so the way
PMI staff and volunteers approach the communities in raising their awareness would likely
to improve the communities‘ preparedness on disasters.
Figure 8

28
4. Analysis
4.1 Analysis of RCRC tools for Urban Disaster Risk Reduction
PMI conducted a review on the existing PMI-VCA Guideline on 21-23 September 2014,
supported by IFRC in Country Delegation, attended by 21 participants from PMI National
Headquarter (NHQ), Chapters and Branches and three participants from IFRC, Netherland
Red Cross and American Red Cross. The PMI–VCA Guideline was developed in 2007 based
on PMI‘s experiences in conducting the VCA for Community Based Disaster Preparedness
(CBDP) Programme. This PMI-VCA Guideline has been applied by PMI Staff and Volunteers
as a tool to build community participation to identify the existing hazard, risk,
vulnerability and capacity, as well as to develop community action plan. At practice, PMI
has also tried to integrate climate change, health, ecosystem management restoration
into the VCA process in rural, urban, as well as school setting.
The VCA was conducted in two urban villages: Bidara Cina in East Jakarta and Kedoya
Utara in West Jakarta. Those two villages have been involved in the Integrated Community
Based Risk Reduction (ICBRR) Project supported by Netherland Red Cross, German Red
Cross, and IFRC in 2007-2012. The socialization meeting was done for community leaders
to present VCA objectives, get their commitment, and identify the potential community
groups to do the VCA. The VCA itself was conducted on 23-31 May 2014, starting with
applying direct observation, spot mapping, and transect walk involving the CBAT,
Volunteers Corps and Community Representative that was equipped with key questions
and camera to capture the existing hazards, risks, vulnerability and capacity in urban
setting.
Following this, several community meetings were also conducted get the community
groups‘2
response on the key questions and VCA tools. After the data collection, the VCA
team facilitated the process of data systematization and analysis.
In urban environment was high in concentration and density of goods, services,
infrastructure, population and utilities. Thus, urban people were depending on the
markets for their daily goods and access to public services. In developing the VCA, the
facilitator and participants have to consider the aforementioned elements.
To the implementer of the pilot project, the tools were effective even though it was
developed in the rural context. However, the facilitators adjusted the tools with the
needs. Although the area in urban was smaller in comparison to rural context, more
people were impacted in terms of DRR and DM; considering the number of beneficiaries
was bigger.
2
including heads of neighborhoods; representatives of Youth Association and Women Association;
community members who were involved during emergency response; community members who
have experiences with outbreaks such as dengue, diarrhea, leptospirosis, and chikungunya; and
community members who lives in flood and high tide areas.

29
Further, the following were the differences between urban and rural contexts regarding to
disaster preparedness, response and recovery:
Rural Urban
Area Extensive Narrow
Type Homogeneous community. Heterogeneous community.
Many of them were coming
from smaller cities or rural
areas.
System (e.g.
security system)
Needed to establish the system
first.
The system has usually been
established we only needed to
strengthen it.
Capacity After the system established, then
the community capacity could be
strengthened.
The capacity existed then it
was strengthened.
Bureaucracy We needed to have a strong
approach with the bureaucrat.
The bureaucracy was long so it
was better to build the
community first then approach
the bureaucrat or do it at the
same time.
To start with In order to get the community‘s
attention, we needed to build good
relationship first with the local
government. So, the people would
be open to work together in
implementing any community
development programme.
It was important to build the
community first then link with
or approach the government.
During the in
preparedness,
response and
recovery.
We needed to approach the leader
first, before we go to the
community.
The people have the same
interest such as having the
access to the public facilities
back after a disaster hit. So, it
was easier to approach the
community first.
Table 6
In terms of entry point, there was no difference between rural and urban areas. We need
to consider approaching the community leader and local government. However, as the
urban communities usually have the same interest and it was easier to build relation with
them; although approaching the community leaders and the government was a good entry
point in running a programme. At the same time, urban and rural people had different
expectations. Urban people expected their existence to be acknowledged meanwhile rural
people did not have that kind of expectation.

30
In terms of natural hazard, urban disaster was a slow onset, with the exception of fire.
Disaster like drought, famine, air pollution, flood, hit slow so the community in urban
location usually got used to it and adapted to the condition.
Furthermore, in urban areas, there were non-natural hazards faced in DRR/DM works;
including social, political, institutional, economical and technological hazards. Socially,
the people were heterogeneous and some of them did not have strong relationship with
their surroundings. Moreover, if they migrated from the rural to work in urban area, they
spent their time in their offices and they went to their hometown during holidays. As a
result, most of them barely know each other. Meanwhile, politically and institutionally,
they were exposed to the long bureaucracy as well as high and intense political
competitions. These usually affected the community in urban areas. For example in the
implementation of VCA, PMI volunteers had difficulties to get permission and data in the
field during the period of presidency campaign. Economically, the people who lived in
urban area were usually living on or below the poverty line. This made them more
vulnerable to disaster. Meanwhile, urban people tended to receive faster technological
updates. They can benefit from this; however, this could also serve as a threat as
technology failure could be a form of manmade hazards.
According to Building Urban Resilience, IFRC 2010, the perceptions or priority hazards in
urban contexts have changed. In regards to urban poverty, people were living with
inadequate and often unstable income. They also had very limited capacity to pay for
housing (living in slums with very high environmental health risk). As a result, this
increased their disaster risks due to housing location on hazard-prone site as well as lack
of infrastructure and services. Further, urban poverty as also came with the following
problems: inadequate quality of and limited number of safe poor housing; inadequate
infrastructure; inadequate basic services; and limited negotiation between communities
and other development actors in public projects.
The aforementioned problems affected the urban poors‘ everyday risk, giving them:
limited capacity to cope with financial and health stresses or shocks; high risk levels from
physical accidents, fires, extreme weather and infectious diseases; high levels of risk from
contaminated water and flooding from lack of drainage; unnecessarily high health burden
from diseases and injuries because of lack of healthcare and emergency response, and
inappropriate development investments. When it came to their disaster risks, they had
very limited capacity to recover from disaster events; risks from storms/high winds,
earthquakes, landslides, floods, fires and disease transmission that may cause epidemics;
lack of protection from flooding; lack of roads, footpaths and drains inhibit evacuation;
lack of healthcare and emergency services that provide rapid response to disaster and
little support for low-income groups to rebuild better.
The risk component (hazards x vulnerability x exposure = disaster risk) was different in
urban context. Disaster risk reduction through preparedness and mitigation depended on
detailed analysis of potential hazards, vulnerabilities, and coping capacities (PMI ARC
Urban Desk Study, 2012).
Risk = Hazard x vulnerability
Coping capacity
Figure 9

31
However, there were not many documents for urban analysis developed yet. More time
were required to have better analysis or documentation of community coping capacity. It
was important to have those documents since the essential elements of risk analysis in
urban context were the individual desegregated assessment and analysis of the potential
hazards, vulnerabilities and coping capacity of Indonesia‘s major urban centers.
The interactions between natural hazards, climate change, food security, socio-economic
crises, and migration and population movements in urban contexts were intense. They
were linked and affecting each other. It was important for the programme to consider
these elements in order to have an integrated and successful programme implementation
in urban areas.
4.2 Relevant External Tools in Urban Disaster Risk Reduction
The utilization of GIS Mapping has benefited to visualize the existing vulnerabilities and
capacities in village level. PMI has collaborated this mapping with HOT, so it has the
opportunity to contribute its data to support the BNPB. Also, the result of GIS Mapping has
served as an analysis tool to support the development of contingency plan at village level.
Meanwhile, although the InaSAFE system is considered good, the PMI branches lacked
human resources to manage the InaSAFE. Unfortunately, InaSAFE has not yet been seen as
a need, especially for advocacy, by relevant people; therefore, it was deemed
unnecessary to assign a designated volunteer to manage this platform. In addition, the
BPBD of DKI Jakarta was newly established, thus more effort is needed to advocate a
policy to encourage the use of InaSAFE.
In addition to that, there is a challenge in utilizing the InaSAFE. The data had not been
completely inputted because not all community members reported to the local authority.
Similar with the VCA implementation, PMI volunteers had difficulties in collecting the data
as the data collection was conducted during the time of the presidential campaign. PMI
also identified the need to have more in-depth orientation to digitize the data by utilizing
JOSM. So, there was additional orientation on this in the coming weeks later in July.
On the other hand, different skill set was required in different stages and levels in InaSAFE
utilization. The communities would conduct data collection from the ground, in
coordination with branch of PMI. The Provincial PMI would verify and update the data in
JOSM, and PMI NHQ would manage the data in coordination with HOT. The challenge in
using the InaSAFE was in synchronizing the data in every level due to different perception
and data interpretation. For example, the InaSAFE only presented data on exposure. Data
on capacity that has been collected from the ground were not presented, as the data were
too big. Further, all the data that was collected by PMI‘s volunteers need to be verified by
HOT before the data were uploaded. If the verification process were not completed yet,
PMI could not proceed to QGIS and InaSAFE. Also, this process is very slow as there was
only one designated HOT person that has the authority to grant this permission.

32
4.3 Summary of Key Gaps in Urban Disaster Risk Reduction Programmes
and Activities
The design of the project was considered good and sufficient for the urban context. Even
though the VCA tools that used were developed in rural context, they can be used and
adopted to the urban areas well.
During the VCA implementation, there were difficulties to get permission to get the
necessary data as the data collection was conducted during presidential campaign.
Further, more time was needed to analyze the VCA result, as CBAT members have their
own activities. Therefore, the VCA report could not be produced in monthly timeframe.
The presidential election had increased the tension in the community. There was
suggestion to increase coordination well at community level, in regards to data collection
to avoid the suspicion of the action being a political party‘s campaign.
Meanwhile, the external tools (such as the InaSAFE) were also useful and have given added
value. PMI could use these tools for advocacy, to reach more donors for future projects.
Although the tools were not necessarily useful for the community, PMI would use this
reference for future programming. However, the use of InaSAFE made the data collection
process longer. At the end of the project, the data collection was not completed because
the limited project time span. In addition to that, the data for InaSAFE needs to be
processed and analyzed more. It was also recommended to add more variables in the
collected data, such as data about health condition.
In terms of project implementation, there was a delay due to the presidential election,
the district election, and the PMI volunteer gathering. Those events postponed of the
project implementation because the politic sensitivity and PMI staff resources focused on
the national event.

33
5. Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 DRR & DM in Urban Context
This pilot project was important because the risk in urban areas has become greater. The
city remained as the main attraction to earn a living; thus, the number of population in
the city has been continuously growing, resulting in the slums and urban poor. This has
made the urban context more complicated. Urban people faced an array of potential
hazards; earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions and tsunami. Dense urban communities
and multiple stakeholders have different capacities and needs.
The main difference between urban and rural context was that urban areas have a more
dense population compared to rural area. There were also differences regarding data. In
urban context, a data could be used as strong evidence based for advocacy, while
presentation of such data is not necessary for advocacy in rural context. Meanwhile, as
space was often limited in urban area and access was easily blocked, the potential for
secondary hazards such as spread of disease and social conflict were high. It was therefore
important to build the communities‘ capacity to respond and prepare to urban disasters in
Indonesia.
From this pilot project implementation, it was very obvious that the PMI‘s existence had
been increasingly acknowledged, and its capacity or skill had been improving. In the
meantime, the CBAT members have also gained more knowledge and awareness on the
importance of data and planning management. The CBAT members have been trained and
improved their skills; such as in tent management, field kitchen, first aid, assessment and
posts management during emergency.
5.2 Lesson learnt
In terms of planning and engagement, the team that implemented the project preferred
to be more involved in the planning phase. Though sometimes, the situation and
timeframe did not allow it because external factors (such as presidential election). In
addition to that, the PMI branches also preferred to be involved to the advocacy process
to the upper level.
The added values for PMI in implementing this project were the skillful people at the grass
root level, which were members of the CBAT. In this particular project, PMI was coaching
the community volunteers to mobilize their own communities. This gave the CBAT a high
sense of belonging to the project, resulting in higher initiatives. Although it was not easy
to obtain good reporting from CBAT, PMI was still able to manage it as PMI continue to
improve the CBAT‘s skill in reporting.
The CBAT itself was established during the previous project (ICBRR Project). Yet after it
was finished they did not simply stop. Instead, they continue their works despite the
absence of the project. When this pilot project started, PMI could easily activate the
resources in the community level.
The PMI was considered to be having a good position to respond in urban areas.
Institutionally, PMI branches existed across the country, in urban and rural areas, thus PMI
needed to respond to the surrounding needs. PMI was also mandated to support the
government in terms of response and preparedness of natural and men-made disasters.

34
On the other hand, most of the existing PMI tools and methodologies were also considered
effective for urban areas. The PAPE, contingency planning, and volunteer management fit
the needs in disaster risk and response programmes in urban context.
Some lessons learnt identified during VCA implementation in urban setting were as
follows:
The need to strengthen the understanding that VCA was a process from planning,
implementation, data systematization, analysis, priority of solution, transformation
from Vulnerability to Capacity, as well as development action plan;
The VCA process requires good facilitation skills. A VCA facilitator has to have a
comprehensive skill and knowledge amongst sectors such as health, water and
sanitation, social, livelihood, disaster, etc. in order to design better VCA process,
including its analysis and reporting. Therefore the selection of VCA facilitators should
be carefully conducted from the beginning of VCA process, including the
representative from each sector. For this purpose also, some of the PMI Branches at
municipality level have included volunteers from universities in order to support the
CBAT in urban village level during the facilitation of the VCA process. In addition to
this, the recruitment of CBAT should also represent the existing system or community
groups in the village/neighborhood level in order to get the acceptance from
community members, as well as to ensure its sustainability;
Understanding that the VCA process was not only done at the community level, but
also at organization level. VCA result could be used as a reference for PMI to develop
programme planning in line with the Planning, Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting
(PMER) analysis phase;
Considering its complexity, the VCA in urban setting requires the assessment to be
conducted on a larger scale (cross boundaries). For example, in the case of Ciliwung
river watershed, the VCA should not only be conducted in one village only, as the risks
identified in the community level in downstream areas were also impacting the
upstream areas;
The need to have scientific information as a basis for VCA Process was also identified.
In the case of Greater Jakarta Project, PMI collaborated with ITB to develop climate
risk mapping, including its projection by 2035 at City Level. The identification of
vulnerabilities and capacities has also included the involvement of stakeholders
concerned with DRR and CCA in urban context, as well as the community members
through interviews; and
The data collection should be emphasized on the existing system at village level. Most
of the VCAs usually focused to reduce the underlying causes in the community level.
However, considering the complexity of urban, the VCA should also focus on the
capacity in urban village level which includes the social cohesion, health, livelihood,
and existing programmes/activities. Therefore while conducting VCA in urban areas, it
was important to utilize the existing data provided by the existing community groups
such as health data from health cadres.

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