3. Name of Institution
Hosni Mubarak
• Muhammad Hosni Sayyid Mubarak is a former
Egyptian politician and military commander. He served
as the fourth President of Egypt from 1981 to 2011.
• The length of his presidency made him Egypt's longest-
serving ruler since Muhammad Ali Pasha. Before he
entered politics, Mubarak was a career officer in the
Egyptian Air Force, serving as its commander from 1972
to 1975 and rising to the rank of air chief marshal.
• Mubarak was ousted after 18 days of demonstrations
during the 2011 Egyptian revolution when, on 11
February, Vice President Omar Suleiman
3
4. Name of Institution
Hosni Mubarak
• announced that Mubarak had resigned as president and
transferred authority to the
Supreme Council of the Armed Forces
• On 13 April, a prosecutor ordered Mubarak and both his
sons to be detained for 15 days of questioning about
allegations of corruption and abuse of power. He was
then ordered to stand trial on charges of
premeditated murder of peaceful protestors during the
revolution. These trials officially began on the 3 August
2011. Egypt’s military prosecutors then also proclaimed
that it is investigating Mubarak's role in the assassination
of his predecessor Anwar Sadat.
4
5. Name of Institution
Hosni Mubarak
Revolution and resignation
• Mass protests against Mubarak and his regime erupted
in Cairo and other Egyptian cities on 25 January 2011.
On 1 February, Mubarak announced he would not
contest the presidential election due in September.
• He also promised constitutional reform. This did not
satisfy the majority of protesters as they expected
Mubarak to depart immediately.
• The demonstrations continued and on 2 February,
violent clashes occurred between pro-Mubarak and anti-
Mubarak protestors.
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6. Name of Institution
Hosni Mubarak
• The trial of Hosni Mubarak and his two sons
Ala'a and Gamal, along with former interior
minister Habib el-Adly and six former top police
officials began on 3 August 2011 at a temporary
criminal court at the Police Academy in north
Cairo. The charges are corruption and the
premediated killing of peaceful protestors during
the mass movement to oust him, the latter of
which carries the death penalty
6
7. Name of Institution
Hosni Mubarak
Wealth and allegations of personal corruption
• In February 2011, the media reported on the wealth of
the Mubarak family. ABC News indicated that experts
believed the personal wealth of Mubarak and his family
to be between US$40 billion and $70 billion founded on
military contracts made during his time as an air force
officer.
• The money was said to be spread out in various bank
accounts at home and abroad, including Switzerland and
Britain, and also invested in foreign property.
7
9. Name of Institution
Omar Hassan Ahmad Al-Bashir
• Omar Hassan Ahmad Al-Bashir is the current
President of Sudan and the head of the
National Congress Party. He came to power in 1989
when he, as a brigadier in the Sudanese army, led a
group of officers in a bloodless military coup that ousted
the government of Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi.
• Al-Bashir is a controversial figure both in Sudan and
worldwide. In July 2008, the prosecutor of the
International Criminal Court (ICC), Luis Moreno Ocampo,
accused al-Bashir of genocide, crimes against humanity
and war crimes in Darfur.[8] The court issued an
arrest warrant for al-Bashir on 4 March 2009 on counts
of war crimes and crimes against humanity, but ruled
that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute him for 9
genocide.
10. Name of Institution
Omar Hassan Ahmad Al-Bashir
• However, on 12 July 2010, after a lengthy appeal by the
prosecution, the Court held that there was indeed
sufficient evidence for charges of genocide to be brought
and issued a second warrant containing three separate
counts. The new warrant, as with the first, will be
delivered to the Sudanese government, which is unlikely
to execute it. Al-Bashir is the first sitting head of state
ever indicted by the ICC as well as the first to be
charged with genocide
• The court's decision is opposed by the African Union,
League of Arab States, Non-Aligned Movement, and the
governments of Russia and the People's Republic of
China.
10
11. Name of Institution
Omar Hassan Ahmad Al-Bashir
• The latest leak from WikiLeaks allegedly reveals that the
Sudanese president had embezzled state funds
amounting to U.S. $ 9 billion. This is justified by the
International Criminal Court prosecutor who said it has
evidence of corruption.
• On 14 July 2008, the Chief Prosecutor of the
International Criminal Court (ICC), Luis Moreno Ocampo,
alleged that al-Bashir bore
individual criminal responsibility for genocide,
crimes against humanity and war crimes committed
since 2003 in Darfur.
11
12. Name of Institution
Omar Hassan Ahmad Al-Bashir
• The prosecutor accused al-Bashir of having "masterminded and
implemented" a plan to destroy the three main ethnic groups, the
Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa, with a campaign of murder, rape and
deportation. The arrest warrant is supported by NATO, the
Genocide Intervention Network, and Amnesty International.
• An arrest warrant for al-Bashir was issued on 4 March 2009 by a
Pre-Trial chamber composed of judges Akua Kuenyehia of Ghana,
Anita Usacka of Latvia, and Sylvia Steiner of Brazil[57] indicting him on
five counts of crimes against humanity (murder, extermination,
forcible transfer, torture and rape) and two counts of war crimes (
pillaging and intentionally directing attacks against civilians).
12
13. Name of Institution
Omar Hassan Ahmad Al-Bashir
• The initial International Crime Court (ICC) charges against al-Bashir,
which included seven counts of crimes against humanity and war
crimes, were issued in March 2009 but did not include genocide
counts. On appeal, the lower court was found by appellate judge
Erkki Kourula to have erred in law and was ordered to reexamine
the evidence for genocide.
• The ICC released a further statement saying that al-Bashir's
charges now include "genocide by killing, genocide by causing
serious bodily or mental harm and genocide by deliberately inflicting
on each target group conditions of life calculated to bring about the
group's physical destruction" in three separate counts. The new
warrant will act as a supplement to the first, whereby the charges
initially brought against al-Bashir will all remain in place, but will now
include the crime of genocide which was ruled out initially, pending
appeal.
13
14. Name of Institution
Omar Hassan Ahmad Al-Bashir
• The European Union’s foreign policy chief
Catherine Ashton urged Kenya to arrest
Bashir and ensure its own cooperation
with the ICC over the 2008 violence.
14
16. Name of Institution
Muammar Gaddafi
• Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi
commonly known as Muammar Gaddafi or Colonel
Gaddafi, was the autocratic ruler of Libya from 1969,
when he seized power in a military coup, until 2011
when, as a result of the 2011 Libyan civil war, his
government was overthrown by a NATO-backed rebel
force. His 41-year rule prior to the uprising made him the
fourth longest-ruling non-royal leader since 1900, as well
as the longest-ruling Arab leader.
• During Gaddafi's period of rule many of Libya's human
development indicators improved significantly. By 2010,
Libya had the highest GDP per capita, Education Index,
and Human Development Index in Africa as well as
some of the best health indicators in the continent. 16
17. Name of Institution
Muammar Gaddafi
• The International Criminal Court issued arrest warrants
on 27 June 2011 for Gaddafi, his son Saif al-Islam, and
his brother-in-law Abdullah al-Senussi, concerning
crimes against humanity.[4][20][21] Interpol has also issued an
arrest warrant for him for crimes against humanity.
• Although often referred to as "Colonel Gaddafi", he was
in fact only a lieutenant when he seized power in 1969.
Weapons of mass destruction programs
• Gaddafi's attempts to procure
weapons of mass destruction began in 1972, when
Gaddafi tried to get the People's Republic of China to
sell him a nuclear bomb
17
18. Name of Institution
Muammar Gaddafi
2011 Libyan civil war
• On 17 February 2011, major political protests began in
Libya against Gaddafi's government. During the following
week these protests gained significant momentum and
size, despite stiff resistance from the Gaddafi
government. By late February the country appeared to
be rapidly descending into chaos, and the government
lost control of most of Eastern Libya.
• Gaddafi fought back, accusing the rebels of being
"drugged" and linked to al-Qaeda. His military forces
killed rebelling civilians, and relied heavily on the Khamis
Brigade, led by one of his sons Khamis Gaddafi, and on
tribal leaders loyal to him.
18
19. Name of Institution
Muammar Gaddafi
• He imported foreign mercenaries to defend his
government, reportedly paying Ghanaian mercenaries as
much as US$2,500 per day for their services. Reports
from Libya also confirmed involvement with Belarus, and
the presence of Ukrainian and Serbian mercenaries.
Crimes against humanity arrest warrant
The UN referred the massacres of unarmed civilians to the
International Criminal Court.[217] Among the crimes being
investigated by the prosecution was whether Gaddafi
purchased and authorized the use of Viagra-like drugs
among soldiers for the purpose of raping women and
instilling fear.
19
20. Name of Institution
Muammar Gaddafi
• His government's heavy-handed approach to quelling the
protests was characterized by the
International Federation for Human Rights as a strategy
of scorched earth. The acts of "indiscriminate killings of
civilians" was charged as crimes against humanity, as
defined in Article 7 of the Rome Statute of the
International Criminal Court.
• The International Criminal Court (ICC) issued arrest
warrants on 27 June 2011 for Gaddafi, his son Saif al-
Islam, and his brother-in-law Abdullah al-Senussi, head
of state security for charges, concerning crimes against
humanity.
20
21. Name of Institution
Muammar Gaddafi
• According to Matt Steinglass of The Financial Times the
charges call for Gaddafi, and his two co-conspirators, to
"stand trial for the murder and persecution of
demonstrators by Libyan security forces since the
uprising based in the country’s east that began in
February."
• On 25 August 2011, with most of Tripoli having fallen out
of Gaddafi's control, the Arab League proclaimed the
anti-Gaddafi National Transitional Council to be "the
legitimate representative of the Libyan state", on which
basis Libya would resume its membership of the League.
21
22. Name of Institution
Muammar Gaddafi
Battle of Tripoli
• During the Battle of Tripoli, Gaddafi lost effective political
and military control of Tripoli after his compound had
been captured by Rebel forces. Rebel forces entered
Green Square in the city center, tearing down posters of
Gaddafi and flying flags of the rebellion. As of 27 August
2011 (2011 -08-27) his location was unknown, but it is
has been alleged that he fled to Zimbabwe. He
continued to give addresses through radio, calling upon
his supporters to crush the rebels.
• In September, an underground chamber was discovered
beneath Tripoli's largest university, containing (among
other things) a bedroom, a Jacuzzi, and a fully equipped
gynecological operating chamber. Only Gaddafi and his
top associates had been allowed access to it in the past. 22
