Java Course 3: OOP

Java course - IAG0040 More Java Basics and OOPAnton Keks 2011

Construction ● All objects are constructed using the new keyword – MyClass fooBar = new MyClass(); ● Object creation always executes a constructor – Constructors may take parameters as any other methods ● Default constructor (without parameters) exists if there are no other constructors defined ● Constructor is a method without a return type (it returns the objects instance), the name of a constructor is the same as of the class.Java course – IAG0040 Lecture 3Anton Keks Slide 2

Destruction ● No need to destroy objects manually ● Garbage Collector (GC) does the job of destruction – Executed in background when memory gets low – Can actually be faster than explicit deallocation – Can be invoked manually with System.gc(); ● An object is destroyed if there are no references left to it in the program, this almost eliminates memory leaks ● Out of scope local variables are also candidates ● finalize() method may be used instead of a destructor, however, its execution is not guaranteedJava course – IAG0040 Lecture 3Anton Keks Slide 3

Conditions ● if-else – if (boolean-expression) a boolean-expression should return a boolean statement or Boolean value else statement ● switch an expression can return an – switch (expression) { int, short, char, byte, their case X: respective wrapper classes statement (which are unboxed) or an break; enum type default: statement a statement is a single Java break; statement or multiple } statements in curly braces { }Java course – IAG0040 Lecture 3Anton Keks Slide 4

While loops ● while – while (boolean-expression) statement – Executes the statement while boolean-expression evaluates to true ● do-while – do statement while (boolean-expression); – Same, but boolean-expression is evaluated after each iteration, not beforeJava course – IAG0040 Lecture 3Anton Keks Slide 5

For loops ● for loop – for(initialization; boolean-expression; step) statement – Example: for(int i=0, j=1; i < 5; i++, j*=2) {} ● for each loop (arrays and Iterables) – for(variable : iterable) statement – for (int a : new int[] {1,2,3}) {} – iterates over all elements of an iterable, executing the statement for each of its elements, assigning the element itself to the variableJava course – IAG0040 Lecture 3Anton Keks Slide 6

break and continue ● break and continue keywords can be used in any loop – break interrupts the innermost loop – continue skips to the next iteration of the innermost loop ● goto keyword is forbidden in Java, but break and continue can be used with labels – outer: while(true) { inner: while(true) { break outer; } } – Labels can be specified only right before a loop. Usage of break or continue with a label affects the labeled loop, not the innermost one.Java course – IAG0040 Lecture 3Anton Keks Slide 7

Arrays ● Array is a special type of Object – Arrays are actually arrays of references – Elements are automatically initialized with zeros or nulls – Automatic range checking is performed, always zero based ● ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException is thrown otherwise – Special property is accessible: length ● Definition: type followed by [ ]: byte[] a; String s[]; ● Creation using the new keyword: byte[] a = new byte[12]; ● Access: byte b = a[0]; byte b2 = a[a.length – 1]; ● Static initialization: byte[] a = new byte[] {1,2,3}; ● Multidimensional: int[][] matrix = new int[3][3];Java course – IAG0040 Lecture 3Anton Keks Slide 8

Strings ● An immutable char array with additional features ● Literals: “!” same as new String(new char[] {!}) ● Any object can be converted toString() ● All primitive wrappers understand Strings: new Integer(“3”) ● Equality is checked with equals() method ● String pooling – “ab” != new String(“ab”) – “a1” == “a” + 1 ● StringBuilder is used behind the scenes for concatenationJava course – IAG0040 Lecture 3Anton Keks Slide 9

Classpath ● Classpath tells the JVM where to look for packages and classes – java -cp or java -classpath – $CLASSPATH environment variable ● Works like $PATH environment variable ● Every used class must be present on classpath during both compilation and runtimeJava course – IAG0040 Lecture 3Anton Keks Slide 10

Classpath example ● Your class net.azib.Hello ● Uses org.log4j.Logger and com.sun.World ● In filesystem: – ~/myclasses/net/azib/Hello.class – ~/log4j/org/log4j/Logger.class – ~/lib/sun.jar, which contains com/sun/World.class ● Should be run as following: (separated with “;” on Windows) – java -cp myclasses:log4j:lib/sun.jar net.azib.Hello --- classpath ---Java course – IAG0040 Lecture 3Anton Keks Slide 11

Java API documentation Lets examine the API documentation a bit: http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/ (http://java.azib.net -> Lirerature & Links -> API documentation)Java course – IAG0040 Lecture 3Anton Keks Slide 12

Javadoc comments ● Javadoc allows to document the code in place – Helps with synchronization of code and documentation ● Syntax: /** a javadoc comment */ – Documents the following source code element – Tags: start with @, have special meaning ● Examples: @author, @version, @param ● @deprecated – processed by the compiler to issue warnings – Links: {@link java.lang.Object}, use # for fields or methods ● {@link Object#equals(Object)} ● javadoc program generates HTML documentationJava course – IAG0040 Lecture 3Anton Keks Slide 13

Varargs● A way to pass unbounded number of parameters to methods● Is merely a convenient syntax for passing arrays● void process(String ... a) – In the method body, a can be used as an array of Strings – There can be only one varargs-type parameter, and it should always be the last one● Caller can use two variants: – process(new String[] {“a”, “b”}) - the old way – process(“a”, “b”) - the varargs (new) way● System.out.printf() uses varargsJava course – IAG0040 Lecture 3Anton Keks Slide 14

Autoboxing ● Automatically wraps/unwraps primitive types into corresponding wrapper classes ● Boxing conversion, e.g. boolean -> Boolean, int -> Integer ● Unboxing conversion, e.g. Character -> char, etc ● These values are cached: true, false, all bytes, chars from u0000 to u007F, ints and shorts from -128 to 127 ● Examples: Integer n = 5; // boxing char c = new Character(z); // unboxingJava course – IAG0040 Lecture 3Anton Keks Slide 15

Extending classes ● Root class: java.lang.Object (used implicitly) ● Unlike C++, only single inheritance is supported ● class A {} // extends Object class B extends A {} – new B() instanceof A == true – new B() instanceof Object == true ● Access current class/instance with this keyword ● Access base class with super keywordJava course – IAG0040 Lecture 3Anton Keks Slide 16

Extending classes ● All methods are polymorphic (aka virtual in C++) – final methods cannot be overridden – super.method() calls the super implementation (optional) ● Constructors always call super constructors – if no constructors are defined, default one is assumed ● class A { } // implies public A() {} – default constructor is called implicitly if possible ● class B extends A { public B(int i) { } // super() is called public B(byte b) { super(); } // same here }Java course – IAG0040 Lecture 3Anton Keks Slide 17

Abstract classes ● Defined with the abstract keyword ● Not a concrete class, cannot be instantiated ● Can contain abstract methods without implementation ● abstract class Animal { // new Animal() is not allowed private String name; String getName() { return name; } abstract void makeSound(); } ● class Dog extends Animal { void makeSound() { System.out.println(“Woof!”); } }Java course – IAG0040 Lecture 3Anton Keks Slide 18

Interfaces ● Substitute for Javas lack of multiple inheritance – a class can implement many interfaces ● Interface are extreme abstract classes without implementation at all – all methods are public and abstract by default – can contain static final constants – marker interfaces dont define any methods at all, eg Cloneable ● public interface Eatable { Taste getTaste(); void eat(); } ● public class Apple implements Eatable, Comparable { /* implementation */ }Java course – IAG0040 Lecture 3Anton Keks Slide 19

Java Course 3: OOP

by Anton Keks on Jan 11, 2012

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Java Course 3: OOP — Presentation Transcript