1. Martinez 1
Angela Martinez
Mrs. Vasquez
Language arts
March 8, 2012
Slavery
In this research paper I’m going to talk about slavery
and I’m also going to talk about my novel (United in
freedom.) I’m writingthis research paper to learn more about
the 1920’s, when therewas slavery. My book is about two
African American twin brothers one of them is a slave
and the other one is a free man and they reunite after
years and they become soldiers in the civil war but ,
there is a problem... they are fighting against each
other.
Slavery was a system in which people were treated
as property to be bought and sold, and are forced to
work.Slavery in the United States was a form of slave labor
which existed as a legal institution in North America for
more than a century before the founding of the United
States. Slavery and Christianity ... Religious violence;
Christian history... Menu Slavery from biblical times until
now Slaves can be held against their will from the time of
their capture, purchase or birth, and deprived of the right to

2. Martinez 2
leave, to refuse to work, or to demand compensation.
Historically, slavery was institutionally recognized by many
societies; in more recent times slavery has been outlawed in
most societies but continues through the practices of debt
bondage, indentured servitude, serfdom, domestic
servantskept in captivity, certain adoptions in which
children are forced to work as slaves, child soldiers, and
forced marriage.Slavery was known in almost every ancient
civilization, and society, including Sumer, Ancient Egypt,
Ancient China, the Acadian Empire, Assyria, Ancient India,
Ancient Greece, the Roman Empire, the Islamic Caliphate,
the Hebrews in Palestine, and the pre-Columbian
civilizations of the Americas. Suchinstitutions were a
mixture of debt-slavery, punishment for crime, the
enslavement of prisoners of war, child abandonment, and
the birth of slave children to slaves.The number of slaves
today is higher than at any point in history, remaining as
high as 12 million to 27 million, though this is probably the
smallest proportion of the world's population in history. Most
are debt slaves, largely in South Asia, who are under debt
bondage incurred by lenders, sometimes, even for
generations. Human trafficking is primarily used for forcing
women and children into sex industries. In pre-industrial
societies, slaves and their labor were economically
extremely important. In modern mechanized societies, there
is less need for sheer massive manpower; Norbert Wiener
wrote that "mechanical labor has most of the economic
properties of slave labor, though... it does not involve the

3. Martinez 3
direct demoralizing effects of human cruelty."Slavery
remained a major institution in Russia until 1723, when
Peter the Great converted the household slaves into house
serfs. Russian agricultural slaves were formally converted
into serfs earlier in 1679.Russia's more than 23 million
privately-held serfs were freed from their lords by an edict of
Alexander II in 1861.State-owned serfs were emancipated in
1866.During the Second World War (1939–1945) Nazi
Germany effectively enslaved many people, both those
considered undesirable and citizens of countries they
conquered.As late as 1908, women slaves were still sold in
the Ottoman Empire. A slave market for captured Russian
and Persian slaves was centered in the Central Asian
khanate of Kiva. Darrel P. Kaiser wrote, "Kazakh-Kirghiz
tribesmen kidnapped 1573 settlers from colonies [German
settlements in Russia] in 1774 alone and only half were
successfully ransomed. The rest were killed or enslaved."
According to Sir Henry Bartle Frere (who sat on the
Viceroy's Council), there were an estimated 8 or 9 million
slaves in India in 1841. About 15% of the population of
Malabar was slaves. Slavery was abolished in British India
by the Indian Slavery Act V. of 1843. In Istanbul about one-
fifth of the population consisted of slaves.Slavery in the
Americas had a contentious history, dating back at least to
the Aztecs, and played a major role in the history and
evolution of some countries, triggering at least one
revolution and one civil war, as well as numerous rebellions.
Slavery was prominent in Africa, across the Atlantic Ocean

4. Martinez 4
from the Americas, long before the beginnings of the
transatlantic slave trade. The maritime town of Lagos,
Portugal, Europe, was the first slave market created in
Portugal (one of the earliest colonizers of the Americas) for
the sale of imported African slaves – the Mercado de
Scarves, opened in 1444. In 1441, the first slaves were
brought to Portugal from northern Mauritania.
An estimated 12 million Africans
arrived in the Americas from the 16th to the 19th centuries.
Of these; an estimated 645,000 were brought to what is now
the United States. The usual estimate is that about 15 per
cent of slaves died during the voyage, with mortality rates
considerably higher in Africa itself in the process of
capturing and transporting indigenous peoples to the ships.
Approximately 6 million black Africans were killed by others
in tribal wars.There are more slaves today than at any point
in history, remaining as high as 12 million to 27 million, even
though slavery is now outlawed in all countries. Several
estimates of the number of slaves in the world have been
provided. According to a broad definition of slavery used by
Kevin Bales of Free the Slaves (FTS), an advocacy group
linked with Anti-Slavery International, there were 27 million
people in slavery in 1999, spread all over the world. In 2005,

5. Martinez 5
the International Labor Organization provided an estimate of
12.3 million forced laborers in the world.Thanks to the ILO
Special Action The Programmed has successfully raised
global awareness and understanding of modern forced labor;
assisted governments to develop and implement new laws,
policies and action plans; developed and disseminated
guidance and training materials on key aspects of forced
labor and human trafficking; implemented innovative
programmers which combine policy development, capacity
building of law enforcement and labor market institutions,
and targeted, field-based projects of direct support for both
prevention of forced labor and identification and
rehabilitation of its victims. Siddhartha Kara has also
provided an estimate of 28.4 million slaves at the end of
2006 divided into the following three categories: bonded
labor/debt bondage (18.1 million), forced labor (7.6 million),
and trafficked slaves (2.7 million). Kara provides a dynamic
model to calculate the number of slaves in the world each
year, with an estimated 29.2 million at the end of 2009.On
May 21, 2001, the National Assembly of France passed the
Tuber law, recognizing slavery as a crime against humanity.
Apologies on behalf of African nations, for their role in
trading their countrymen into slavery, remain an open issue
since slavery was practiced in Africa even before the first
Europeans arrived and the Atlantic slave trade was
performed with a high degree of involvement of several
African societies. My novel is about two African American
twins who separated when young. One of the twins grew up

6. Martinez 6
as a slave in Virginia while the other younger twin was a
free man in Pennsylvania. Until one day the twins reunite
and meet each other and get to like each other as brothers
like they always were. Then both of the twins wanted to go
to war so they went until…. they had to do it so poor, the
two twins passed away in war because they had to. They’re
mother was very sad because she had lost both of her kids
in the civil war. Slaves were not considered citizens in
antebellum America. Before the fourteenth amendment to
the national constitution (July 28, 1868), blacks held no
legal rights in this country. Whites controlled politics, and
used them to keep slaves and free blacks on a subordinate
societal level. "Slaves had no head in the state, no name,
title or register: nor could they take by purchase or descent;
they had no heirs, and therefore could make no will:
whatever they acquired was their master's: they could not
plead nor be pleaded for, but were excluded from all civil
concerns whatsoever: they were not entitled to the rights
and considerations of matrimony, and, therefore, had no
relief in the case of adultery: they could be sold, transferred,
or pawned as goods of personal estate " . (December, 1662)
ACT XII. "Negro women’s children to serve according to the
condition of the mother.” WHEREAS some doubts have
arisen whether children got by any Englishman upon a negro
woman should be slave or free, Be it therefore enacted and
declared by this present grand assembly, that all children
born in this country shall be held bond or free only according
to the condition of the mother, And that if any Christian shall

7. Martinez 7
commit fornication with a negro man or woman, he or she
offending shall pay double the fines imposed by the former
act" (Virginia Slave Laws, Virginia General Assembly).
(October, 1669) Act 1 “An act about the causal killing of
slaves. WHEREAS the only law in force for the punishment of
refractory servants resisting their master, mistress or
overseer cannot be inflicted upon negroes, nor the obstinacy
of many of them by then violent means suppress, Be it
enacted and declared by this grand assembly, if any slave
resist his master (or other by his masters order correcting
him) and by the extremity of the correction should chance to
die, that his death shall not be accepted by felony, but the
master (or that other person appointed by the master to
punish him) be acquit from molestation, since it cannot be
presumed that perpended malice (which alone makes further
felony) should induce any man to destroy his own
estate"(ibid.). These were some of the laws about slavery.
1. Prop VI. " The slave, being personal chattel, is at all
times liable to be sold absolutely, or mortgaged or leased, at
the will of his master" 2. Prop. XI "Slaves cannot redeem
themselves, nor obtain a change of masters, though cruel
treatment may have rendered such change necessary for
their personal safety"
3. Prop. X. "Slaves being objects of property, if injured by
third persons, their owners, may bring suit, and recover
damages for the injury.
4.Prop. XI "Slaves can make no contract."

8. Martinez 8
5. Prop. XII Slavery is hereditary and perpetual" (George M.
Stroud, A sketch of the Laws
Relating to Slavery, p. 88-89).