Give knowledge about indexes of database system for company education. And introduct concurrency locking (Pesimistic locking and Optimistic locking) to my colleagues.

1. Relational Database
2015,10 aecho@aethersi.com

2. Outlet
Introduction
Index
cluster index
non-cluster index
Concurrency Control
optimistic locking

3. Introduction

4. Introduction
Database I/O
page, 4KB, 8KB, or 16KB
db I/O Unit
Read / Write, Disk <—> Memory
I/O >>>> CPU

5. Index

6. Index
Index File
Data file
Index entries
Direct search for
data entries
Data entries
Data
Records

7. Index
Index entries
B+ tree, non-leaf node, search key
Data entries
B+ tree, leaf node
Data records
record id (rid)

8. Index
Fan-out
non-leaf node, # of children (denoted as F)
Search, (logFN + 1) I/O -> page data
In practice, F is at least 100
log100106 = 3,
3, or 4 I/O <=> 106 records

9. Index
Data entries
K*: Search key, and other fields.
Clustered index
<K, rid>: Search key, and record id
<K, rid-list>: Search key, and record id list.

10. Index
Cluster index vs non-cluster index
Clustered index ( Primary key)
K*
Non-clustered index
<K, rid>
<K, rid-list>

11. Clustered Index
Index entries
Direct search for
data entries
Data entries
Data
Records

12. Non-clustered Index
Index entries
Direct search for
data entries
Data entries
Data
Records

13. Index Data Type
Int, Long, Guid
Sequential vs non-sequential
Int, Long => Sequential
Guid => ?

14. Composite index
Direct search for
data entries
Data entries
idx_1
idx_2

15. Composite Index
Increase the tree-depth
Search key
〇 idx_1 only
〇 <idx_1, idx_2>
✕ idx_2 only
The order of indexes

16. Concurrency Control

17. Optimistic locking
Optimistic vs Pessimistic
Optimistic Pessimistic
Conflict Conflict detect Conflict avoid
效率 快 慢
實作 很容易 較麻煩
Lock 無 有
考慮因素
1. 不常衝突
2. 衝突代價低
1. 常常衝突
2. 衝突代價⾼

18. Optimistic locking
參考資料, Java Hibernate實作
概念
有個欄位為rowVersion
int vs timestamp
每次db update時，由db檢查該值，並且負責更新這個欄
位
判斷db update時, rowVersion是否被別⼈修改了。

19. Optimistic locking
Updating
rowVersion == original rowVersion ?
If no, reject it.
rowVersion += 1

20. Pessimistic locking
Building lock manager
Types:
exclusive write lock
exclusive read lock
read/write lock
Lock Table
Dead lock
Timeout, for a victim

21. 參考資料
Clustered vs non-clustered index
Microsoft, Clustered and Nonclustered Indexes Described
Wiki, database index