YCLiu's talk about Windham's publication

2. Chromosome Counting － 1983. The ferns of Elden Mountain, Arizona. Am. Fern J.73: 85-92. － and C. G. Schaack. 1983. Miscellaneous chromosome counts for Adiantaceae, Aspleniaceae, Asteraceae, and Poaceae. Taxon 32: 664-665. Reticulate Evolution Haufler, C. H., － and E. W. Rabe. 1995. Reticulate evolution in the Polypodium vulgare complex. Systematic Botany 20: 89-109. Haufler, C. H., － and T. A. Ranker. 1990. Biosystematic analysis of the Cystopteris tennesseensis complex. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 77: 314-329. Haufler, C. H. and － . 1991. New species of North American Cvstopteris and Polypodium , with comments on their reticulate relationships. Am. Fern J.81: 7-23. Biosystematic Gastony, G. J and － . 1989. Species concepts in pteridophytes: The treatment and definition of agamosporous species. Am. Fern J.79: 65-77. － 1986. The use of fern herbarium specimens in biosystematic research: Introduction. Am. Fern J.76: 101. － and C. H. Haufler. 1986. Biosystematic uses of fern gametophytes derived from herbarium specimens. Am. Fern J.76: 114-128. － , P. G. Wolf and T. A. Ranker. 1986. Factors affecting prolonged spore viability in herbarium collections of three species of Pellaea . Am. Fern J.76: 141-148. Werth, C. R. and － . 1991. A model for divergent allopatric speciation of polyploid pteridophytes resulting from silencing of duplicate-gene expression. The American Naturalist 137: 515-526. Haufler, C. H., － , D. M. Britton and S. J Robinson. 1985. Triploidy and its evolutionary significance in Cystopteris protrusa . Canadian Journal of Botany 63: 1855-1863. Paris, C. A. and － . 1988. A biosystematic investigation of the Adiantum pedatum complex in eastern North America. Systematic Botany 13: 240-255. Yatskievych, G., － and E. Wollenweber. 1990. A reconsideration of the genus Pitvrogramma Link (Adiantaceae) in the southwestern United States. Am. Fern J.80: 9-17. Benham, D. M. and － . 1992. Generic affinities of the star-scaled cloak ferns. Am. Fern J.82: 47-58. Ranker, T. A., S. F. Floyd, － and P. G. Trapp. 1994. Historical biogeography of Asplenium adiantum-nigrum (Aspleniaceae) in North America and implications for speciation theory in homosporous pteridophytes. American Journal of Botany 81: 776-781. － & G. Yatskievych. 2003a. Chromosome studies of cheilanthoid ferns (Pteridaceae, Cheilanthoideae) from the western United States and Mexico. American Journal of Botany 90: 1788-1800 . Taxonomy Yatskievych, G. and － . 1986. Notes on Arizona Pteridophyta. Journal of the Arizona Nevada Academy of Sciences 21: 19-21. － . 1987. Argyrochosma , a new genus of cheilanthoid ferns. Am. Fern J.77: 37-41. － . 1993. New taxa and nomenclatural changes in the North American fern flora. Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium 19: 31-61. Mendoza, A., － , B. Perez-Garcia and G. Yatskievych. 2001. Una nueva especie de Pellaea (Pteridaceae) del estado de San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Acta Botanica Mexicana 57: 15-21. － & G. Yatskievych. 2003b. Revised nomenclature and a new North American record for the Villose Cliff Brake ( Pellaea . Pteridophyta). Novon 13: 358-362. － & G. Yatskievych. 2005. A novel hybrid Polypodium (Polypodiaceae) from Arizona. Am. Fern J.95: 57-67. Author or coauthor of Flora of North America Pteridaceae : Astrolepis, Notholaena, Argyrochosma, Pellaea, Cheilanthes, Pityrogramma, Pentagramma Polypodiaceae : Pleopeltis, Polypodium Woodsiaceae : Cystopteris, Woodsia Coauthor of The Pteridophytes of Mexico. Woodsiaceae : Woodsia

3. Taxonomy Yatskievych, G. and － . 1986. Notes on Arizona Pteridophyta. Journal of the Arizona Nevada Academy of Sciences 21: 19-21. － . 1987. Argyrochosma , a new genus of cheilanthoid ferns. Am. Fern J.77: 37-41. － . 1993. New taxa and nomenclatural changes in the North American fern flora. Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium 19: 31-61. Mendoza, A., － , B. Perez-Garcia and G. Yatskievych. 2001. Una nueva especie de Pellaea (Pteridaceae) del estado de San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Acta Botanica Mexicana 57: 15-21. － & G. Yatskievych. 2003b. Revised nomenclature and a new North American record for the Villose Cliff Brake ( Pellaea . Pteridophyta). Novon 13: 358-362. － & G. Yatskievych. 2005. A novel hybrid Polypodium (Polypodiaceae) from Arizona. Am. Fern J.95: 57-67. Author or coauthor of Flora of North America Pteridaceae : Astrolepis, Notholaena, Argyrochosma, Pellaea, Cheilanthes, Pityrogramma, Pentagramma Polypodiaceae : Pleopeltis, Polypodium Woodsiaceae : Cystopteris, Woodsia Coauthor of The Pteridophytes of Mexico. Woodsiaceae : Woodsia

7. Windham and Yatskievych. 2003 . Chromosome studies on cheilanthoid ferns (Pteridaceae: Cheilanthoideae) from the Western United States and Mexico. Amer. J. Bot . 90: 1788-1800 .

8. 2. Pityrogramma trifoliata (Linnaeus) R. M. Tryon, Contr. Gray Herb. 189: 68. 1962. Goldenrod fern Acrostichum trifoliatum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1070. 1753; Trismeria trifoliata (Linnaeus) Diels Leaves 50--150 cm, rarely longer. Petiole reddish brown, shiny, scaly. Blade linear-lanceolate, 1-pinnate apically to 2-pinnate proximally; fertile pinnae white-farinose abaxially. Pinnae palmate to pinnate, 2--3(--7)-foliolate proximally, with flat surfaces parallel to ground, undivided and linear apically. Pinnules short-stalked, linear, occasionally lobed proximally, margins serrulate. Spores with perispore sparsely granular, lacking equatorial flange. 2 n = 116. Roadside ditches and canal banks; 0--20 m; Fla.; Mexico; West Indies in Greater Antilles; Central America; South America. The range of Pityrogramma trifoliata is apparently actively expanding in Florida, perhaps in response to increasing disturbance of wetland habitats. A good case can be made for segregation of this species into the monotypic Trismeria Fée, based on differences in dissection of leaves and spore ornamentation noted in the descriptions of this and the previous species. Because naturally occurring hybrids with four other Pityrogramma taxa are known to exist in the tropics, P . trifoliata is retained in Pityrogramma for the present, following R. M. Tryon (1962), who viewed P . trifoliata as a specialized offshoot of the core group of species in the genus. Elsewhere, plants are known with yellow farina on the fertile leaves, but these are nowhere common.

9. Chromosome Counting － 1983. The ferns of Elden Mountain, Arizona. Am. Fern J.73: 85-92. － and C. G. Schaack. 1983. Miscellaneous chromosome counts for Adiantaceae, Aspleniaceae, Asteraceae, and Poaceae. Taxon 32: 664-665. Reticulate Evolution Haufler, C. H., － and E. W. Rabe. 1995. Reticulate evolution in the Polypodium vulgare complex. Systematic Botany 20: 89-109. Haufler, C. H., － and T. A. Ranker. 1990. Biosystematic analysis of the Cystopteris tennesseensis complex. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 77: 314-329. Haufler, C. H. and － . 1991. New species of North American Cvstopteris and Polypodium , with comments on their reticulate relationships. Am. Fern J.81: 7-23. Haufler, C. H., － , D. M. Britton and S. J Robinson. 1985. Triploidy and its evolutionary significance in Cystopteris protrusa . Canadian Journal of Botany 63: 1855-1863.

15. Results: Spores

18. Meiotic Chromosome Behavior C. bulbifera N=42 C. tennesseensis N=84 C. protrusa N=42

19. Meiotic Chromosome Behavior

20. Isozymes 22 enzymes were examined and 9 provided consistent, interpretable results. HK, IDH, LAP, PGI-2, PGM-1, PGM-2, SkDH, TPI-1, TPI-2 Gametophytes express the same isozymes as do sporophytes

24. C. bulbifera BB 2x = 42II C. tennesseensis BBPP 4x = 84II C. protrusa PP 2x = 42II C. utahensis BBRR 4x = 84 II C. laurentiana BBNNRR 6x = 126 II C. reevesiana RR 2x = 42II RRRR 4x = 84 II C. fragilis NNRR 4x = 84 II C. “hemifragilis” NN 2x = 42II C. tenuis NNPP 4x = 84 II BBP BPP x wagneri BNPP 3x = 42I + 42II x illinoensis BNP 3x = 126I fragilis x tenuis NNPR 4x = 84I + 42II BNMR NRR Cystopteris fragilis complex (Haufler & Windham, 1991; Lellinger, 1985)