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Figure 1
http://www.autonest.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/TiresStopFeaturedImage.jpg

                           Donald E Maurer
๏‚จ   Your driving a car or truck. You press on
    the brake pedal, what happens?

    ๏‚ก   A vehicle car goes through a process that
        multiplies the force you apply to the brake
        pedal with your foot and leg to stop the car.
    ๏‚ก   This force is transmitted to the road through a
        series of parts using fluid pressure in most of
        todayโ€™s vehicles.
๏‚จ   THE BRAKE PEDAL

    ๏‚ก There are two or three pedals in todayโ€™s vehicles.
    ๏‚ก The pedal in the middle, or the pedal that is
      immediately left of the gas pedal is the brake pedal.
    ๏‚ก The main purpose of the brake pedal is to multiply
      the force that is exerted by the driver to slow and
      stop the vehicle.
๏‚จ   BRAKE BOOSTER

    ๏‚ก Brake boosters are only used with power
      braking systems. This is standard on todayโ€™s
      vehicles.
    ๏‚ก The booster is used to provide more braking
      power while reducing the required effort
      from the driver.
    ๏‚ก Boosterโ€™s usually operate by using the
      vacuum from the vehicle engine.
    ๏‚ก Not all vehicles have this type of booster.
      Some provide assistance electrically.
    ๏‚ก Not all vehicles will have a booster. Some will
      be direct pressure from the driver.
Figure 2
http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTC93pTwXrSYaFoEjNwglWalDE
                       8p83QqGmGhyjxN-0yZAZEB487
๏‚จ    MASTER CYLINDER

                                                          ๏‚ก   A master cylinder is
                                                              provided to convert force
                                                              from the booster into
                                                              hydraulic pressure.
                                                              ๏ƒบ If the vehicle does not
                                                               have a booster the
                                                               pressure is converted
                                                               from the brake pedal.
                                                          ๏‚ก   It is easier to transfer
                                                              hydraulic pressure than
                                                              mechanical pressure to
                      Figure 3
                                                              the brakes.
http://www.aa1car.com/library/brake_master_cylinder.gif
๏‚จ   BRAKE FLUID, LINES, AND HOSES

    ๏‚ก Fluid pressure travels from the master
      cylinder through the brake lines to the brakes
      at each wheel of the vehicle.
    ๏‚ก Brake lines are rigid except at the wheels
      where it is necessary to provide flexibility
      because of the movement of the suspension.
    ๏‚ก The rigid lines are either steel or a composite
      material that can withstand the corrosive
      environment under the vehicle.
    ๏‚ก Part of the line is steel while a short flexible
      material (reinforced rubber) is used to connect
      it to the moving parts.
๏‚จ   Brake fluid must withstand extreme
    pressure and temperature changes. Itโ€™s
    VERY important that the fluid:

    ๏‚ก   Cannot be compressed
    ๏‚ก   Has a very high boiling point and flash point
    ๏‚ก   Will not cause corrosion on the inside of brake
        lines
    ๏‚ก   Can withstand extreme cold without
        thickening
Figure 4
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Hydraylic_
      disc_brake_diagram.jpg/619px-Hydraylic_disc_brake_diagram.jpg
๏‚จ   BRAKE CALIPERS

    ๏‚ก Fluid must be converted from hydraulic
      pressure to mechanical pressure.
    ๏‚ก Calipers contain a piston/s that convert
      hydraulic fluid pressure back to mechanical
      pressure.
    ๏‚ก A bigger piston or multiple pistons will
      produce more force.
        ๏ƒบ Racing or high performance applications will
         use 4 or even 6 pistons in the caliper.
    ๏‚ก   Calipers are used with disk brake systems.
๏‚จ   BRAKE PADS

    ๏‚ก   Brake pads are forced against the rotor by
        pressure applied from the caliper.
    ๏‚ก   Friction from the contact between the pad and
        rotor slows the speed of the rotor.
    ๏‚ก   This friction produces heat.
๏‚จ   BRAKE ROTORS

    ๏‚ก The rotor is acted upon by the brake pads.
    ๏‚ก The friction produced is converted into torque
      at the wheel.
    ๏‚ก Rotors must be able to dissipate heat.
    ๏‚ก Many rotors are made with cooling fins that
      help to quickly dissipate heat.
        ๏ƒบ Rule of thumb โ€“ the bigger the rotor is, the
         better it is at reducing heat, the better the
         stopping power of the brakes.
Figure 5
     http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRD-
YK0vb_4ZOrSo2R_vkda2J9mAFy1LdlXZLzaotm8_o6QOvvuJg
๏‚จ   WHEELS AND TIRES

    ๏‚ก   The wheels and tires provide the contact
        between the vehicle and the road.
    ๏‚ก   The primary function is to provide traction.
    ๏‚ก   Traction works three ways:
        ๏ƒบ Increased acceleration.
        ๏ƒบ Shortened stopping distance.
        ๏ƒบ Increased cornering or handling.
Figure 6
http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQE5qr5y0F-
      xlR5Jew6lFRqjjj1OIIKeiL6AImSn3GXldjLlHGd
๏‚จ   The brake system is designed to increase the
    pressure you apply to the brake pedal.
๏‚จ   The increased pressure is applied to the
    calipers through hydraulics.
๏‚จ   The calipers convert the hydraulic pressure
    back to mechanical force against the rotors.
๏‚จ   The rotors apply torque to the wheels.
๏‚จ   The wheels and tires provide traction to stop
    the vehicle.
๏‚จ   Erjavec, J (2010).Automotive Technology: A Systems
    Approach. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar, Cengage
    Learning. (p1424-1456)
    Inline Citation -- (Erjavec, 2010)
1. From autonest.org:
    http://www.autonest.org/wp-
    content/uploads/2011/08/TiresStopFeaturedImage.jpg
2. From seecharanautospares.com:
    http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTC93pTwXrSYaFo
    EjNwglWalDE8p83QqGmGhyjxN-0yZAZEB487
3. From aa1car.com:
    http://www.aa1car.com/library/brake_master_cylinder.gif
4. From upload.wikimedia.org:
    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7
    6/Hydraylic_disc_brake_diagram.jpg/619px-
    Hydraylic_disc_brake_diagram.jpg
5. From truckinweb.com:
    http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRD-
    YK0vb_4ZOrSo2R_vkda2J9mAFy1LdlXZLzaotm8_o6QOvvuJg
6. From forums.tdiclub.com
    http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQE5qr5y0F-
    xlR5Jew6lFRqjjj1OIIKeiL6AImSn3GXldjLlHGd

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Automotive braking systems

  • 2. ๏‚จ Your driving a car or truck. You press on the brake pedal, what happens? ๏‚ก A vehicle car goes through a process that multiplies the force you apply to the brake pedal with your foot and leg to stop the car. ๏‚ก This force is transmitted to the road through a series of parts using fluid pressure in most of todayโ€™s vehicles.
  • 3. ๏‚จ THE BRAKE PEDAL ๏‚ก There are two or three pedals in todayโ€™s vehicles. ๏‚ก The pedal in the middle, or the pedal that is immediately left of the gas pedal is the brake pedal. ๏‚ก The main purpose of the brake pedal is to multiply the force that is exerted by the driver to slow and stop the vehicle.
  • 4. ๏‚จ BRAKE BOOSTER ๏‚ก Brake boosters are only used with power braking systems. This is standard on todayโ€™s vehicles. ๏‚ก The booster is used to provide more braking power while reducing the required effort from the driver. ๏‚ก Boosterโ€™s usually operate by using the vacuum from the vehicle engine. ๏‚ก Not all vehicles have this type of booster. Some provide assistance electrically. ๏‚ก Not all vehicles will have a booster. Some will be direct pressure from the driver.
  • 6. ๏‚จ MASTER CYLINDER ๏‚ก A master cylinder is provided to convert force from the booster into hydraulic pressure. ๏ƒบ If the vehicle does not have a booster the pressure is converted from the brake pedal. ๏‚ก It is easier to transfer hydraulic pressure than mechanical pressure to Figure 3 the brakes. http://www.aa1car.com/library/brake_master_cylinder.gif
  • 7. ๏‚จ BRAKE FLUID, LINES, AND HOSES ๏‚ก Fluid pressure travels from the master cylinder through the brake lines to the brakes at each wheel of the vehicle. ๏‚ก Brake lines are rigid except at the wheels where it is necessary to provide flexibility because of the movement of the suspension. ๏‚ก The rigid lines are either steel or a composite material that can withstand the corrosive environment under the vehicle. ๏‚ก Part of the line is steel while a short flexible material (reinforced rubber) is used to connect it to the moving parts.
  • 8. ๏‚จ Brake fluid must withstand extreme pressure and temperature changes. Itโ€™s VERY important that the fluid: ๏‚ก Cannot be compressed ๏‚ก Has a very high boiling point and flash point ๏‚ก Will not cause corrosion on the inside of brake lines ๏‚ก Can withstand extreme cold without thickening
  • 9. Figure 4 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Hydraylic_ disc_brake_diagram.jpg/619px-Hydraylic_disc_brake_diagram.jpg
  • 10. ๏‚จ BRAKE CALIPERS ๏‚ก Fluid must be converted from hydraulic pressure to mechanical pressure. ๏‚ก Calipers contain a piston/s that convert hydraulic fluid pressure back to mechanical pressure. ๏‚ก A bigger piston or multiple pistons will produce more force. ๏ƒบ Racing or high performance applications will use 4 or even 6 pistons in the caliper. ๏‚ก Calipers are used with disk brake systems.
  • 11. ๏‚จ BRAKE PADS ๏‚ก Brake pads are forced against the rotor by pressure applied from the caliper. ๏‚ก Friction from the contact between the pad and rotor slows the speed of the rotor. ๏‚ก This friction produces heat.
  • 12. ๏‚จ BRAKE ROTORS ๏‚ก The rotor is acted upon by the brake pads. ๏‚ก The friction produced is converted into torque at the wheel. ๏‚ก Rotors must be able to dissipate heat. ๏‚ก Many rotors are made with cooling fins that help to quickly dissipate heat. ๏ƒบ Rule of thumb โ€“ the bigger the rotor is, the better it is at reducing heat, the better the stopping power of the brakes.
  • 13. Figure 5 http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRD- YK0vb_4ZOrSo2R_vkda2J9mAFy1LdlXZLzaotm8_o6QOvvuJg
  • 14. ๏‚จ WHEELS AND TIRES ๏‚ก The wheels and tires provide the contact between the vehicle and the road. ๏‚ก The primary function is to provide traction. ๏‚ก Traction works three ways: ๏ƒบ Increased acceleration. ๏ƒบ Shortened stopping distance. ๏ƒบ Increased cornering or handling.
  • 15. Figure 6 http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQE5qr5y0F- xlR5Jew6lFRqjjj1OIIKeiL6AImSn3GXldjLlHGd
  • 16. ๏‚จ The brake system is designed to increase the pressure you apply to the brake pedal. ๏‚จ The increased pressure is applied to the calipers through hydraulics. ๏‚จ The calipers convert the hydraulic pressure back to mechanical force against the rotors. ๏‚จ The rotors apply torque to the wheels. ๏‚จ The wheels and tires provide traction to stop the vehicle.
  • 17. ๏‚จ Erjavec, J (2010).Automotive Technology: A Systems Approach. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar, Cengage Learning. (p1424-1456) Inline Citation -- (Erjavec, 2010)
  • 18. 1. From autonest.org: http://www.autonest.org/wp- content/uploads/2011/08/TiresStopFeaturedImage.jpg 2. From seecharanautospares.com: http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTC93pTwXrSYaFo EjNwglWalDE8p83QqGmGhyjxN-0yZAZEB487 3. From aa1car.com: http://www.aa1car.com/library/brake_master_cylinder.gif 4. From upload.wikimedia.org: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7 6/Hydraylic_disc_brake_diagram.jpg/619px- Hydraylic_disc_brake_diagram.jpg 5. From truckinweb.com: http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRD- YK0vb_4ZOrSo2R_vkda2J9mAFy1LdlXZLzaotm8_o6QOvvuJg 6. From forums.tdiclub.com http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQE5qr5y0F- xlR5Jew6lFRqjjj1OIIKeiL6AImSn3GXldjLlHGd