1. World Regional SOUTH ASIA
Geography
David Sallee
Lesson 9
River Taxi Snake Charmer
Hindu Holy Man
THE
MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC
REALM
QUALITIES OF SOUTH ASIA
India
WELL DEFINED PHYSIOGRAPHICALLY New Delhi
Pakistan
THE WORLD’S SECOND LARGEST
WORLD’ Islamabad
POPULATION CLUSTER Bangladesh
Dhaka
SIGNIFICANT DEMOGRAPHIC Nepal
PROBLEMS Kathmandu
Bhutan
LOW INCOME ECONOMIES Thimphu
Sri Lanka
POPULATION CONCENTRATED IN Colombo
VILLAGES - SUBSISTENCE
AGRICULTURE
STRONG CULTURAL REGIONALISM
INDIA
CHILD
INDIA
Population: 1 billion (531 million male and 496 million
LABOR
female)
Life 62.4 (male), 63.3 (female)
expectancy: years
Access to safe 62%
water: www.plan-uk.org
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Under 5 mortality 98/1,000 live births (male) 105/1,000 live births
rate: (female)
Six in every ten girls do not go to secondary school
Only one in three children have access to adequate
sanitation facilities
Nearly one in every ten children die before reaching the
age of five
One in two children under five years old are moderately or
severely underweight
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2. MONSOONS
Child Prostitution in
Nepal/India
“To know India and her
Every year, thousands of
people, one has to know
Nepalese girls, some as young as 11 are
the monsoon.”
monsoon.”
sent to or procured for brothels in the big
Indian cities, like Bombay or Calcutta.
To the people of India the
They are often the daughters of
monsoons are a source of
poor farming families, where everyone
must help with the family income. Girls
life.
have little or no earning potential, and if
Seasonal reversal of winds
they are to marry need substantial
dowries. So, when the middleman arrives
General onshore
in the village, and promises parents cash
movement in summer
in return for taking the girls to work in
India, or perhaps in quot;the circusquot;, and that
General offshore flow in
they will be fed, housed and cared for,
winter
the offer is hard to resist.
In reality, many of these girls are
Very distinctive seasonal
taken to work in Indian brothels, where
new, young girls are much sought after,
precipitation regime
and their families may never hear from
www.plan-uk.org
www.plan-
them again.
POTENTIALLY NEGATIVE
EFFECTS OF MONSOONS
(RESULTS OF CATASTROPHIC RAINFALL)
Widespread flooding
Property damage
Destruction to agricultural lands
Monsoons Damage to transportation infrastructure
Homelessness
Disease
Malnutrition
Serious injury
Death
CULTURE HEARTH:
CULTURE The Indus River
Where an early culture emerged and
A culturally fragmented realm developed
Religious and linguistic diversity – Arts and trade routes emerged from
isolated tribes and villages to towns and
Religious Patterns
beyond.
– Islam is predominant in Pakistan and
Hinduism emerged from the beliefs and
–
Bangladesh. practices brought to India by the Indo-
Indo-
Europeans (Aryans). (6th century BC)
– Hinduism is predominant in India.
Buddhism born of discontent; made the
–
– Sikhism thrives in northern India.
state religion of India in 3rd century BC
– Buddhism is predominant in Sri Islam sweeps through central India from
–
Lanka. the 8th -10th centuries AD
2
3. RELIGION HINDUISM
The world’s
world’
oldest religion
Culture hearth
of the Indus
River
Diffused south
and east down
the Ganges
Absorbed and
eventually
supplanted
earlier native
religions and
customs
MAJOR TENETS OF HINDUISM
HINDUISM
Three main ideas are important in
Not just a religion
understanding
An intricate web of religious, the Hindu
philosophical, social, economic, religion and
and artistic elements
the caste
No common creed system
No single doctrine – Reincarnation
No direct divine revelation – Karma
– Dharma
No rigid narrow moral code
To be born a Hindu in India is to enter the caste system, A fifth group describes the people who are achuta, or
achuta,
one of the world's longest surviving forms of social untouchable. The primordial being does not claim
stratification. Embedded in Indian culture for the past them. Untouchables are outcasts—people considered
outcasts—
1,500 years, the caste system follows a basic precept: All too impure, too polluted, to rank as worthy beings.
men are created unequal. The ranks in Hindu society Prejudice defines their lives, particularly in the rural
come from a legend in which the main groupings, or areas, where nearly three-quarters of India's people
three-
varnas, emerge from a primordial being. From the mouth
varnas, live. Untouchables are shunned, insulted, banned
come the Brahmans—the priests and teachers. From the
Brahmans— from temples and higher caste homes, made to eat
arms come The Kshatriyas—
Kshatriyas— and drink from separate utensils in public places, and,
the rulers and soldiers. in extreme but not uncommon cases, are raped,
From the thighs come the burned, lynched, and gunned down.
Vaisyas—merchants and
Vaisyas—
traders. From the feet come “Discrimination by caste is
outlawed in India but it is a part
the Sudras—laborers. Each
Sudras—
of daily life.”
life.”
varna in turn contains
hundreds of hereditary castes
and subcastes with their own
http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0306/feature1/
pecking orders.
3
4. REINCARNATION
KARMA
Every living thing
has a soul. Every action brings about
When a living certain results.
thing dies, its soul There is no escaping the
moves into consequences of one’s
one’
another living
actions.
creature.
Good behavior is rewarded
Souls are reborn in
when the soul is reborn into a
a newly created
higher ranking living creature.
life.
Ganges River
DHARMA
A set of rules that
must be followed by
all living things if
they wish to work
their way up the
ladder of
reincarnation.
Each person’s
person’
dharma is different.
FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
BUDDHISM Sorrow and suffering are
part of all life.
People suffer because
Adherents objected to they desire things they
cannot have.
harsher features of
The way to escape
Hinduism
suffering is to end desire,
to stop wanting, and to
Focuses on knowledge,
reach a stage of not
especially self-knowledge
self- wanting.
To end desire, follow the
Elimination of worldly
“middle path,” i.e., the
path,”
desires, determination path that avoids the
extremes of too much
not to hurt or kill people
pleasure and desire.
or animals
4
5. 1931 MUSLIMS IN INDIA 1991
EIGHTFOLD PATH TO
THE MIDDLE WAY
Right understanding
1951
Right purpose
Right speech
Right conduct
Right means of
earning a living
Right effort
Right awareness
Right meditation
KASHMIR
RELIGIOUS CONTRASTS INDEPENDENCE & PARTITION
– JAMMU & KASHMIR FACED WITH THE CHOICE OF
JOINING EITHER HINDU INDIA OR MUSLIM
ISLAM HINDUISM PAKISTAN
– KASHMIR – HINDU MAHARAJA BUT MUSLIM
– Monotheistic – Polytheistic
POPULATION
– No idols – Many idols
1947 – PAKISTANI TRIBESMEN INVADE
– One sacred book – Various sacred writings
MAHARAJA FLEES TO DELHI AND ACCEDES TO
– Uniform dogma - 5 pillars – Varying beliefs
INDIA
– Intolerant (of other – Absorbed other religions
religions) INDIAN TROOPS MOVE IN – PAKISTANI
– Venerate cows
Eat beef/Sacrifice cows REFULARS JOIN IN
– – Burn dead (& alive)
Bury Dead
– – Caste separation JANUARY 1949 – U.N. CEASE FIRE
Social Equality (in theory)
– – “State” of secondary
State”
1980-88 MUSLIM EXTREMISTS CONTINUE
1980-
Theocratic society importance
–
INSURGENCY
PAKISTAN (AT PARTITION) POPULATION GEOGRAPHY
THE SPATIAL VIEW OF DEMOGRAPHY
– STUDY OF POPULATION DISTRIBUTION,
COMPOSITION, RATES OF GROWTH, AND
PATTERNS OF FLOW
India POPULATION DENSITY (INDIA)
– ARITHMETIC- 904/sq mi
ARITHMETIC-
– PHYSIOLOGIC- 1,615/sq mi (US=415/sq
PHYSIOLOGIC-
West Pakistan mi)
KEY MEASURES
East Pakistan
– RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE
– DOUBLING TIME
5
6. POPULATION DENSITY
POPULATION PROFILES World Average = 117/mi2
36
Pacific
315
Southeast Asia
INDIA JAPAN East Asia 341
865
South Asia
MALE FEMALE
AGE Subsaharan Africa
MALE FEMALE 82
N. Africa/S.W. Asia 52
70+
53
South America
60-69
176
50-59 Middle America
40-49 7.6
Austral
30-39 874
Japan
20-29
10-19 42
North America
0-9 Russia 22
265
30 15 0 15 30 20 10 0 Europe
10 20
0 400 600 800 1000
200
Percent of Population Percent of Population Realm People per square mile
POPULATION DENSITY
What if the world were a village?
What is The World Village Project?
Imagine that this web page is a village. However, this village
represents the planet Earth. If we were to reduce the world
population to a village of 1000 inhabitants with all existing human
ratios remaining the same then, this would be our reality...
Men and Woman
520 Woman 480 Men
[Graph]
Places of Origin
584 124 84 95
Asians Africans Latin Americans Eastern/Western Europeans
55 52 4 2
Russians North Americans Australians New Zealanders
[Graph]
Language
POPULATION DENSITY COMPARISON
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL
United States - Bangladesh
BANGLADESH
UNITED STATES
77 people/ 133,000,000 2,644 people/
sq mile 50,300 sq mile
6
7. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
(BANGLADESH)
(INDIA)
LEVELS OF
LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT
(TECHNOLOGY) (TECHNOLOGY)
A MIXTURE OF ONE OF THE
WORLD’S POOREST
WORLD’
TRADITIONAL VILLAGE
AND LEAST
FARMING AND MODERN
DEVELOPED STATES
AGRICULTURE
ECONOMY IS
HANDICRAFTS, OLD AND OVERWHELMINGLY
AGRICULTURAL
NEW BRANCHES OF
CULTIVATION OF
INDUSTRY
RICE IS THE SINGLE
A MULTITUDE OF SUPPORT MOST IMPORTANT
SERVICES AND NUCLEAR ACTIVITY IN THE
ECONOMY.
POWER
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
BANGLADESH (PAKISTAN)
LEVELS OF
INDEPENDENT SINCE 1971 DEVELOPMENT
(TECHNOLOGY)
FORMERLY EAST PAKISTAN
A POOR COUNTRY
85% MUSLIM, 12% HINDU
THAT SUPPORTS A
133 MILLION PEOPLE LARGE MILITARY
PHYSIOLOGIC DENSITY = 3,622/sq mi ESTABLISHMENT
ECONOMIC
1.9% ANNUAL GROWTH RATE
LIBERALIZATION
PER CAPITA GNP = 350 US DOLLARS
BEGAN IN 1990 TO
NATURAL HAZARDS - CYCLONES BOOST FOREIGN AND
DOMESTIC PRIVATE
INVESTMENT.
SRI
SRI LANKA
LANKA
INDEPENDENT SINCE 1948
19.7 MILLION PEOPLE (70% BUDDHISTS)
PLANTATION AGRICULTURE:
– TEA, RUBBER, COCONUTS
SOUTH (MAJORITY OF POPULATION)
ARYAN
BUDDHISTS
SPEAK SINHALA (INDO-EUROPEAN)
(INDO-
NORTH (18% OF THE POPULATION)
DRAVIDIAN
HINDU
TAMIL LANGUAGE
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8. CULTURAL ASSESSMENT
India – the Sikh religion forbids cutting or shaving any body hair. Toddlers
Toddlers
usually sleep with their parents until the age of 4 or 5. The head motion for “yes”
head yes”
and “no” are opposite of those in the United States. Men shake hands with other
no” with
men but not women.
Nepal – only a mother, sister, daughter, or wife can be touched by a male family
male
member. During his wife’s pregnancy, a husband is not allowed to slaughter an
wife’
animal. Adult literacy rates for males and females are 41% and 14%,
14%,
respectively.
Bhutan – young women may self-inflict burns in response to family quarrels.
self-
Except for noble families, Bhutanese do not have surnames.
Bangladesh – about 60,000 women of reproductive age die each year, 25% of
whom die of pregnance complications. Rural, traditional custom requires the
mother to reach a water source unaided to wash herself and her clothing
clothing
immediately after birth. Boys receive preferential treatment in terms of family
food allocation and health care practices.
Pakistan - women are governed by different laws than men. Women are
expected to be obedient to men and are discouraged from making decisions. The
decisions.
most traditional Pakistanis may wrap their infants in cow dung to give them the
to
strength and warmth needed for growth.
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