Sapphire - Interphex Presentation
•
0 likes•254 views
You may view the full Interphex Powder Inspection Abstract by clicking the link on the last slide.
Recommended
Recommended
More Related Content
What's hot
What's hot (11)
Similar to Sapphire - Interphex Presentation
Similar to Sapphire - Interphex Presentation (20)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
Sapphire - Interphex Presentation
- 1. Inline Analytical System and Radiographic Method for Determining the Mass of Single and Multi-Dose Powders Kevin Drumm Sapphire Technologies USA, Inc.
- 2. Radiographic Analysis is established as a method to verify a material’s net mass.
- 3. US Patent 6385284 described a Radiographic apparatus and assembly for, and associated method of, monitoring a physical property of a material.
- 4. Transmission of Xray photons through a material is dependent on the physical properties of the material. This can be characterized as:
- 5. Historical Applications Weight Control of Cigarettes Mass of Blister Pack Contents Fat Content of Meat Products
- 6. X-ray PhotonsIo Ib 2t X-ray PhotonsIo Ia t Approximate relationship between the thickness of a material and the signal received by the Xray detector.
- 7. Radiographic Mass Analysis Is it theoretically possible? Yes.
- 8. Some potential issues to consider Acceleration Voltage Beam Current Temperature Scan Interval Silicon Diode Response Apparent Dimensions
- 9. Improved accuracy requires utilization of purpose designed references to account for variables in a given system.
- 10. Example Reference Piece Quadratic Regression Y= aX2 + bX + C
- 11. 900 925 950 975 1000 0 3 6 9 12 Number Missing Y = -7.0615 X + 993.58 R2 = 0.9983 RSD = 0.4 % (0.4 Tablets) Example Mass Analysis
- 12. Radiographic Mass Analysis Is it theoretically possible? Is it accurate for large products? Yes.
- 13. Relative Signal at Detector Transmission keV Xray energy used for analysis of vitamin bottle
- 14. Relative Signal at Detector 10-50% Xray transmission Transmission keV
- 15. Relative Signal at Detector Maintain 10-50% transmission for capsule Transmission keV
- 16. Relative Signal at Detector Transmission keV Thus, capsules require a low 10-15 keV Transmission keV
- 17. Radiographic Mass Analysis Is it theoretically possible? Is it accurate for large products? Yes. Very low energy required for powders?
- 18. Designing an Xray System for Analysis of Powders
- 19. System Design – Xray Tube Target Material Focal Spot Size Filtering
- 20. System Design – Detector Detector Type Linear Array Large Diode Area Sensor Scintillator Material Photo Credit: PerkinElmer
- 21. System Design – Layout Orientation Focal Distance Magnification Material Handling
- 22. Analysis of Capsule Fill
- 23. Analysis of Capsule Fill High Reference Low Reference 5 mg fill
- 24. Analysis of Powder Fill Previously Evaluated over 2-10 mg fill range Over 20,000 passes for 5 mg Capsule Test Measurement Standard Deviation of 0.096 mg
- 26. Analysis of Powder Fill
- 27. Analysis of Powder Fill Net Fill (mg) DetectorSignal 15 20105 100 80 60 40 R2 = 0.998 RSD = 0.77% Approx. 0.1 mg
- 28. Summary 1. Radiographic Mass Analysis of Powders 2. Capsules, Blister Strips and Disks 3. Fill weight ranged from 4-20 mg 4. Typical Standard Deviation of 0.1 mg 5. Continuous, Real-time, Inline Measurement
- 29. Kevin Drumm Sapphire Technologies USA, Inc. 1544 Sawdust Rd. #304 The Woodlands, TX 77380 +1 713 955 5995 sales@sapphirexray.com Sapphire Technologies USA Inc. (#3717) Cheyney Design & Development Co. Ltd. Thank You for your Attention! Interphex Powder Inspection Abstract
Editor's Notes
- Slide 1 Sapphire Technologies is a manufacturer of specialized Xray systems. Our team has worked with high resolution systems since the 1980’s. This presentation was first given at Interphex in New York on 27 April 2016. You may view the full Interphex Powder Inspection Abstract by clicking the link on the last slide. ———————————————————————————————————————————
- Slide 2 The Premise of this presentation is to review the radiographic techniques used to verify the mass of a material. We will first offer a little background on the subject matter to be discussed and then provide a few examples of applicable work. This image seen here in the background is quite appropriate to this presentation as it is a 3 dimensional profile plot of the transmitted Xray photons through a powder filled blister. ———————————————————————————————————————————
- Slide 3 The use of continuous inline Xray systems to monitor a material’s physical properties was first described by Sapphire personnel in a patent publication almost 20 years ago. This was a culmination of work performed in the 1990’s which resulted from experience in gauging applications. Radiographic Gauging is used to determine the thickness of a homogeneous object. As the accuracy of the Xray components improved, and we refined our capabilities in signal analysis, the next logical step was to apply the techniques to mass inspection. ———————————————————————————————————————————
- Slide 4 In a review of the science, one will understand that placing a material in the path of a beam of radiation, for example, an X-ray beam, will produce a signal at a sensor representative of the value of the physical property, which is dependent upon the amount of radiation absorbed by the product and, hence, the residual amount of radiation received by the sensor(s). In more simplistic terms, the Xray photons transmitted through a material are a function of the object’s physical properties, namely density (rho) and atomic constituents, where the atomic number of an element is related to (mu) the mass attenuation coefficient. ———————————————————————————————————————————
- Slide 5 Several applications of this technology have been employed in diverse industries over the past 20 years including: (1) Monitoring of the specific gravity of a meat product slurry or emulsion to determine changes in the proportion of fat within the product. (2) Weight control of cigarettes has been determined traditionally by monitoring the beta ray absorption of the cigarette at the point where it has been formed into a “rod”. (3) In the pharmaceutical industry, monitoring techniques are used for the accurate determination of the weight of dispensed powder drugs or tablets in containers. ———————————————————————————————————————————
- Slide 6 One may wonder as to how this works in practice. When a material is placed under an Xray beam, the differential intensity of the incident and transmitted Xray photons is a function of the materials thickness, mass attenuation coefficient, and density. ———————————————————————————————————————————
- Slide 7 Is it that simple? We have just suggested it is theoretically possible. ———————————————————————————————————————————
- Slide 8 In a perfect environment, the relationship between attenuation and mass is straightforward. However, in practice, many issues exist which must be corrected for, including: 1. Acceleration voltage applied to the X-ray beam generator 2. Applied Beam current 3. Temperature changes of the system over time 4. Scan interval 5. Silicon Diode Response, noting that silicon response will decay over time. 6. Apparent Dimensions, as any change in orientation can effect the image and changes in shadowing can introduce a penumbra effect Variations in these and other operating parameters during the monitoring process can result in inaccurate measurements, which is undesirable if the physical property of the product is to be accurately determined. Generally, it is difficult to stabilize some of these parameters to the degree which is sufficient to provide the required accuracy of physical property monitoring. Thus, a reference standard was envisioned to address the error introduced by these variations. ———————————————————————————————————————————
- Slide 9 The methods developed use a specialized calibration apparatus for continuous inline monitoring. A secondary reference can also be located in the path of the radiation, which has radiation absorption characteristics corresponding to predetermined low and high radiation absorption characteristics of the material to provide interpolated measurement signals. Utilizing such references will reduce error and improve accuracy by accounting for variation in a the measurement system.———————————————————————————————————————————
- Slide 10 In practice, one reference used by Sapphire is a step wedge which is calibrated to the Xray system. Here is an example of the step wedge used in radiographic weighing of products where Xray energy is 30-50 kVp. The actual attenuation of each step is fit using a regression analysis in order to develop correction factors.———————————————————————————————————————————
- Slide 11 This setup will work well when inspecting plastic containers of tablets. In this example, we show for a container with around 100 tablets, with a properly calibrated system, the standard deviation of the measurement has been around 0.4 tablets, with a R-square of 0.998. ———————————————————————————————————————————
- Slide 12 The prior example shows that Radiographic Mass Analysis is accurate for large products like a bottle of tablets. Next we will investigate if these principles can be scaled to allow measurement of mass in Pharmaceuticals. ———————————————————————————————————————————
- Slide 13 In review of the prior example, we can evaluate the transmission of X-rays through the material to the detector under ideal conditions. Consider what happens when the height of the organic matter to be analyzed is compared to the kV required for appropriate attenuation. In the prior example, the diameter of the plastic bottle was about 2”. For simplicity of this example we will assume a void fraction of 0.5. As such, we can consider the material attenuation over the 20-50 keV range. By experience, we would normally try to operate this example at 35 kVp while maximizing photon flux. ———————————————————————————————————————————
- Slide 14 The attenuation of organic matter over the energy level employed results in transmission of 10-50% of the Xray photons dependent on photon energy level. ———————————————————————————————————————————
- Slide 15 In order to estimate Xray energy required for use in measurement of capsules, we will overlay the transmission spectrum applied to the bottle of tablets to the capsules, noting the effective thickness of a capsule is approximately 1/10th of the thickness of the bottle of pills. ———————————————————————————————————————————
- Slide 16 Finally, investigating the Xray photon energy required over this transmission spectrum, one finds operating at 15 kVp or lower will be necessary to accurately measure mass of a capsule. ———————————————————————————————————————————
- Slide 17 What this tells us is very low energy is required for accurate radiographic mass analysis of a capsule. ———————————————————————————————————————————
- Slide 18 Now, we will look at what considerations we must make designing such Xray system for analysis of powders. ———————————————————————————————————————————
- Slide 19 Selection of a Xray Generator is typically centered first around the Xray tube. The most important specifications, especially at low energy, include: Target Material: Tungsten is the most common, but not a universal best choice. Focal Spot Size: Where the effective focal spot is optimized based on the inspection Filtering: At low energy analysis of organic compounds, filtering of the X-rays must be minimized. ———————————————————————————————————————————
- Slide 20 Pixel Density relative to analysis required. This can range from very large single pixel detectors to detectors with pixel density of 0ver 1,000,000 pixels per sq. inch. Scintillator material selection. “GadOx” Gd2O2S or Gadolinium oxysulfide, would be a common choice in typical Xray analysis. At very low energies, alternate scintillation options may be investigated. ———————————————————————————————————————————
- Slide 21 Optimal positioning of the product within the inspection field between the Xray generator and detector requires a good understanding of how the product will be characterized. In many cases, the orientation of the product in the package, combined with packaging shape and normal effect of gravity, will dictate system orientation. ———————————————————————————————————————————
- Slide 22 Some of our early work in powder analysis was conducted for checking capsule fill. While capsule weighing systems and fill equipment technology have progressed, limitations still exist. Where a partially filled capsule can slip through and result in a low dose product, in line radiographic systems can be employed as an accurate tool. ———————————————————————————————————————————
- Slide 23 In a series of studies comparing a nominal 5 mg fill weight to a low and high reference, a high level of accuracy and measurement repeatability is seen in the analysis. This test evaluated 2-10 mg fill range. The test involved over 20,000 passes for 5 mg fill. The results were below 2 % relative standard deviation. ———————————————————————————————————————————
- Slide 24 Results for Analysis of Capsule Fill ———————————————————————————————————————————
- Slide 25 3D Greyscale Image of Powdered filled blister. ———————————————————————————————————————————
- Slide 26 Dry Powder Inhalers are being increasingly used as a delivery vehicle for pharmaceuticals. Whether single or multi dose, there is a need to confirm the fill level in the device. Over the past 20 years, our team has been involved in providing solutions to the industry utilizing Xray technology for automated inspection of devices. ———————————————————————————————————————————
- Slide 27 This example on analysis of powder fill shows a data set for a cell in a device over a range of powder fills. The machine measurement accuracy was below 1% for a 8-16 mg fill. ———————————————————————————————————————————
- Slide 28 To summarize, Sapphire has a long history in radiographic analysis of powders. Over the last 20 years, we have developed methods and systems for measurement of mass fill of powders in capsules, blister strips and disks. The methods developed were quite accurate for fills in the 4 mg to 20 mg range, exhibiting a standard deviation of 0.1mg. We have commercial systems which provide continuous, real-time, inline measurement of Powder fill levels. These systems are customized to the device and application. ———————————————————————————————————————————
- Slide 29 Thank you for your interest. For more information on our solutions for inspection of powder fill in devices, or other High resolution, low energy Xray inspection systems, please contact Sapphire Technologies at: +1 (281) 755-7434 ———————————————————————————————————————————