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Dan Wehnes, Loren Schwappach, Tom Thede
               Wanderlink
    EE660: Modern Solid State Devices
           17 November 2011               1
   Engineer an innovative, portable, light-weight, ergonomic
    glove-like human interface device to remote control a robotic
    arm to function in a hazardous environment such as:
     Steel mill
     Nuclear power plant
   The Wanderlink Glove will initially:
     Provide simple manual controls
     Provide a portable, rechargeable power source
     Be able to communicate using RF with other electronic devices
     Provide pressure simulation for the hand and fingers
   For this application, the Wanderlink Glove will:
     Provide touch points at multiple locations throughout the glove
     Monitor three-dimensional motion of the glove and its fingers

                                                                        2
   The Wanderlink Glove will be able to and contain:
     Electro-mini-pressure bubbles for pressure simulation
     Monitor finger position/bending
     Monitor realistic motion with 6 degrees of tracking
        (X, Y, Z, Yaw, Pitch, and Roll)
       12 durable, programmable, user-adjustable, sensing, touch points
       4 depressible buttons (Power, Confirm, Deny, Next) for controlling the
        glove
       A high bandwidth swappable RF TX/RX unit for communicating with
        computers and other electronic devices
       Swappable and reprogrammable CPU/controller
       Separate rechargeable battery unit to power the glove

                                                                                 3
Wanderlink Glove
  Initial Design Concept
  General Requirements
  Operation (What is Expected)
   ▪ Black Box Diagram
  Specifications / Expected Values
  Logic Gate Critical Characteristics
  Acceptance Plan
  Conclusions


                                         4
Programmable, user-           High bandwidth swappable RF TX/RX
                                   adjustable, sensing touch points                  unit


                                       Throughout the glove:
                                   Electro-mini-pressure bubbles to
                                          simulate pressure




       On cuff of glove:
    4 depressible buttons
(Power, Confirm, Deny, Next) for
                                                                        Swappable, upgradeable and
     controlling the glove
                                                                      reprogrammable CPU/controller


   Attached to glove externally:                                               Inside of glove:
    Small, lightweight, portable                                      6-axis realistic motion detection
       rechargeable battery                                                         device
                                                                                                          5
   Safe
     Temperature sensing / automatic shut off
   Portable
     Light weight (<1lb)
     Long-life swappable/portable battery unit (lasts 8 hours –
        continuous usage)
   Functional
     Realistic movement tracking system (6 axis)
     Easily accessed touch/sensor points
     High speed TX/RX unit
     Flexible, breathable, comfortable
   Adaptable
     Swappable, upgradable, programmable CPU/control module
     Swappable, upgradeable TX/RX unit
   Reliable
     Heat/fire resistant
     Electronic electrostatic protection
     Durable


                                                                   6
Conditions (User):                                   Conditions (the CPU/controller module):
   Programs CPU/controller module                      Takes in program updates
   Puts on glove
   Presses “power” button inward (battery is           Powers up / initializes / checks calibration
    charged)                                            Turns on/checks all glove electronics
                                                        Checks for external device signals
                                                        Shows User Battery Remaining

   User calibrates glove and synchronizes it with      Audio signal indicates the glove has been
    the robotic arm                                      calibrated

   Receives instructions, relays chosen choices        Begins robotic arm control
    to CPU using confirm/deny/next buttons

   Uses glove as required                              Receives signals from glove electronics
                                                        Checks user sensing touch points (Every
                                                         500ms)
                                                        Checks confirm/deny/next buttons
                                                        Outputs data to high BW TX unit (external
                                                         devices)
                                                        Robotic arm moves accordingly

   Presses “Power” button again                        Powers off glove electronics
                                                                                                        7
Attached to glove:
                                                                      High bandwidth
                                   Small, lightweight, portable
                                                                   swappable RF TX/RX unit
                                              battery

                                                                      Audio out TX unit

       On cuff of glove:
    4 depressible buttons
                                   Swappable, upgradeable and
                                       reprogrammable                 External devices
(Power, Confirm, Deny, Next) for
     controlling the glove              CPU/controller                   Computer
                                                                        Robotic arm
                                        Major IC Characteristics
   Programmable, user-                      Fast Switching
                                        Minimum Power Usage
 adjustable, sensing touch
          points

  Throughout the glove:
   Electro-mini-pressure
          bubbles
                                                                     Calibration signal
      Inside of glove:
   6-axis realistic motion
      detection device
                                                                                             8
   Functional Requirements
Requirement                   Description                                        Expected Values
Lightweight portable power    Glove shall have a lightweight rechargeable,       Expected to be made of
supply                        swappable, portable battery supply capable of      rechargeable Li-Poly (Lithium-
                              powering the glove electronics for 8 hours         Polymer) technology or the like
                              minimum. Must provide 3.6V and a minimum           since it is rechargeable with a
                              of 185 Wh/Kg.                                      power density of around185
                                                                                 Wh/Kg.

Realistic movement tracking   Shall have a system for monitoring realistic       Should result in accurate data In
system                        motion with 6 degrees of tracking (X, Y, Z, Yaw,   accordance with user hand
                              Pitch, and Roll)                                   movement. 6 (8 bit outputs) to
                                                                                 CPU every 100ms
Temperature sensing           Shall have a temperature sensor that reports       6 bit output to CPU every 500ms.
                              data to the CPU/Control.                           (6 bits/500ms)
Driver software               Software is used to program the CPU to             Software synchronizes glove
                              synchronize the glove with an the robotic arm      with arm

                                                                                                                   9
   Functional Requirements (Continued)
Requirement                   Description                            Expected Values
Swappable, upgradeable,       Glove shall contain a high speed       Minimum 2 GHz signals
high speed, high bandwidth,   (GHz), high bandwidth , RX/TX unit
RX/TX unit                    for sending video and signal
                              information to external devices.
Electro-mini-pressure         Based on feedback from the robotic     CPU receives TX from the robotic
bubbles for fingertip         arm, 35 bubbles move accordingly to    arm and moves the bubbles
pressure simulation           simulate pressure                      accordingly
Total glove weight            Glove w/ power supply shall weigh no   Max 3lb
                              more than 3lb
Three standard sizes          Glove shall come in three standard     Must satisfy 95% of working
                              sizes                                  professionals
Synchronization               Glove must be able to calibrate with   Audio signal lets the user know if
                              the robotic arm so that the arm can    calibration was successful, then the
                              move accordingly                       robotic arm moves accordingly


                                                                                                            10
Importance from Greatest to Least
 Performance:
     Clock Speed: Fast Digital Switching Speed (Necessary to Handle
      a Min. 2GHz Clock), Clean Digital Pulses with Optimal TR, TF
      ,PDHL, PDLH
     Minimum Power: Utilization (Must be < 2uA per gate) =
      1A/500000 devices.
     Small Size
     High Noise Immunity
   Reliability:
     Resistance to Electrostatic Discharge
     Durability

                                                                       11
   Setup: Testing will Proceed in a Controlled Laboratory
    Environment at Room Temperature Then in More Extreme
    Conditions
     Product Specifications will be tested to ensure glove meets all minimum
      functional, interface, performance, and qualification requirements.
     CPU/Control unit will be programmed by a computer using the USB port
      to run:
       ▪ VR Glove Program
       ▪ OCR Detection Program
       ▪ Capability to TX live video & Glove Control Outputs to Computer
   Measurement:
     All Systems will be Measured against Specifications Expected Values
     A Virtual System Will Be Designed With Projected Results
     The Glove Will be Tested Against These Results
                                                                                12
    Pass/Fail Criteria
Item              Verifications                                          Fail             Pass

Portable Power    Battery Unit Lasts for 4 Hours while in Continuous     <4hrs            >4hrs
Supply            Use Powering all Electronic Devices.
Portable Power    Battery Unit is Fully Rechargeable (For Three Cycles   <99.9%           =>99.9%
Supply            of 4 Hr. Testing)                                      Capacity         Capacity
Power Supply      Power Supply Delivers 3.61 – 3.59V for Full 4 Hours    <3.59V           3.61-3.59V
Output            of Use.
Temperature       Unit will be Tested to Ensure System Powers Off        Does not power   Safely Powers
Sensing Unit      When Temperatures are at or above 100°F                off.             Off.
                  Conditions:
                  • Power to all electronics
                  • Glove Being Used
Driver Software   Interface comes with driver software to sync up the    Software         Software
                  glove’s chip with the interface.                       doesn’t sync     syncs glove.
                                                                         glove.

                                                                                                          13
    Pass/Fail Criteria
Item                 Verifications                                           Fail             Pass

Electro-Mini-        Test all electro-mini-pressure bubbles throughout       Bubbles do not   Bubbles
Pressure Bubbles     the glove for complex simulations and interactions.     move properly    move
for Texture                                                                                   properly
Simulation
Realistic Movement   Realistic Motion accurately emulates (within 3°) 6      >3° of Error     <=3° of Error
Tracking System      areas of tracking (X, Y, Z, Yaw, Pitch, and Roll)
Touch/Sensor         All 12 Touch/Sensor Points are Map-                     Fails to Meet    Meets
Points               able/Programmable, and User-Adjustable.
                     Points must be Win7 or later compliant HID buttons.
                     Finger-Tip Touch Points should also be able to detect
                     user Heart Rate.
High-speed TX/RX     TX/RX Unit needs to operate at a minimum of             Does not TX at   TX at 250
Unit.                250Mbits/sec.                                           250 Mbits/sec    Mbits/sec
Accurate TX/RX       TX/RX acquired data accurately.                         BER > 10^-6      BER < 10^-6
Unit.
                                                                                                              14
   Meets requirements for Text to Braille System with Addition
    Functionality for Other External Applications:
       VR Industry
       Medical Systems
       Integrating VR and Information Access
       Training Programs
       Students/Educators
       Computer Users/Gaming Industry
       Robotics
       Military
   The Wanderlink Glove HID has the potential to Redefine Human
    Interaction with Tomorrow’s Technology.



                                                                   15
16
Batteries Wholesale, Capacity VS Weight. Retrieved 29 October 2011
  from: http://www.batterieswholesale.com/capacity_weight.htm

HEV Vehicle Battery Types,n.d., Retrieved 13 October 2011 from ThermoAnalytics
  Website:http://www.thermoanalytics.com/support/publications/batterytypesdoc.html

Cyber Glove 2. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
http://www.vrealities.com/cyber.html

P5 Virtual Reality Glove, n.d., Retrieved 13 October 2011 from:http://www.vrealities.com/P5.html

Peregrine Glove, n.d., Retrieved 13 October 2011 from:http://theperegrine.com/product/

All About Batteries for Your Project, n.d., Retrieved 13 October 2011
    from:http://www.ladyada.net/library/batteries.html

Battery Life,n.d., Retrieved 13 October 2011 from Climber.org
   Website:http://www.climber.org/gear/batteries.html
                                                                                               17

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Ee660 ex 21_presentation_wanderlink_glove_all

  • 1. Dan Wehnes, Loren Schwappach, Tom Thede Wanderlink EE660: Modern Solid State Devices 17 November 2011 1
  • 2. Engineer an innovative, portable, light-weight, ergonomic glove-like human interface device to remote control a robotic arm to function in a hazardous environment such as:  Steel mill  Nuclear power plant  The Wanderlink Glove will initially:  Provide simple manual controls  Provide a portable, rechargeable power source  Be able to communicate using RF with other electronic devices  Provide pressure simulation for the hand and fingers  For this application, the Wanderlink Glove will:  Provide touch points at multiple locations throughout the glove  Monitor three-dimensional motion of the glove and its fingers 2
  • 3. The Wanderlink Glove will be able to and contain:  Electro-mini-pressure bubbles for pressure simulation  Monitor finger position/bending  Monitor realistic motion with 6 degrees of tracking (X, Y, Z, Yaw, Pitch, and Roll)  12 durable, programmable, user-adjustable, sensing, touch points  4 depressible buttons (Power, Confirm, Deny, Next) for controlling the glove  A high bandwidth swappable RF TX/RX unit for communicating with computers and other electronic devices  Swappable and reprogrammable CPU/controller  Separate rechargeable battery unit to power the glove 3
  • 4. Wanderlink Glove  Initial Design Concept  General Requirements  Operation (What is Expected) ▪ Black Box Diagram  Specifications / Expected Values  Logic Gate Critical Characteristics  Acceptance Plan  Conclusions 4
  • 5. Programmable, user- High bandwidth swappable RF TX/RX adjustable, sensing touch points unit Throughout the glove: Electro-mini-pressure bubbles to simulate pressure On cuff of glove: 4 depressible buttons (Power, Confirm, Deny, Next) for Swappable, upgradeable and controlling the glove reprogrammable CPU/controller Attached to glove externally: Inside of glove: Small, lightweight, portable 6-axis realistic motion detection rechargeable battery device 5
  • 6. Safe  Temperature sensing / automatic shut off  Portable  Light weight (<1lb)  Long-life swappable/portable battery unit (lasts 8 hours – continuous usage)  Functional  Realistic movement tracking system (6 axis)  Easily accessed touch/sensor points  High speed TX/RX unit  Flexible, breathable, comfortable  Adaptable  Swappable, upgradable, programmable CPU/control module  Swappable, upgradeable TX/RX unit  Reliable  Heat/fire resistant  Electronic electrostatic protection  Durable 6
  • 7. Conditions (User): Conditions (the CPU/controller module):  Programs CPU/controller module  Takes in program updates  Puts on glove  Presses “power” button inward (battery is  Powers up / initializes / checks calibration charged)  Turns on/checks all glove electronics  Checks for external device signals  Shows User Battery Remaining  User calibrates glove and synchronizes it with  Audio signal indicates the glove has been the robotic arm calibrated  Receives instructions, relays chosen choices  Begins robotic arm control to CPU using confirm/deny/next buttons  Uses glove as required  Receives signals from glove electronics  Checks user sensing touch points (Every 500ms)  Checks confirm/deny/next buttons  Outputs data to high BW TX unit (external devices)  Robotic arm moves accordingly  Presses “Power” button again  Powers off glove electronics 7
  • 8. Attached to glove: High bandwidth Small, lightweight, portable swappable RF TX/RX unit battery Audio out TX unit On cuff of glove: 4 depressible buttons Swappable, upgradeable and reprogrammable External devices (Power, Confirm, Deny, Next) for controlling the glove CPU/controller Computer Robotic arm Major IC Characteristics Programmable, user- Fast Switching Minimum Power Usage adjustable, sensing touch points Throughout the glove: Electro-mini-pressure bubbles Calibration signal Inside of glove: 6-axis realistic motion detection device 8
  • 9. Functional Requirements Requirement Description Expected Values Lightweight portable power Glove shall have a lightweight rechargeable, Expected to be made of supply swappable, portable battery supply capable of rechargeable Li-Poly (Lithium- powering the glove electronics for 8 hours Polymer) technology or the like minimum. Must provide 3.6V and a minimum since it is rechargeable with a of 185 Wh/Kg. power density of around185 Wh/Kg. Realistic movement tracking Shall have a system for monitoring realistic Should result in accurate data In system motion with 6 degrees of tracking (X, Y, Z, Yaw, accordance with user hand Pitch, and Roll) movement. 6 (8 bit outputs) to CPU every 100ms Temperature sensing Shall have a temperature sensor that reports 6 bit output to CPU every 500ms. data to the CPU/Control. (6 bits/500ms) Driver software Software is used to program the CPU to Software synchronizes glove synchronize the glove with an the robotic arm with arm 9
  • 10. Functional Requirements (Continued) Requirement Description Expected Values Swappable, upgradeable, Glove shall contain a high speed Minimum 2 GHz signals high speed, high bandwidth, (GHz), high bandwidth , RX/TX unit RX/TX unit for sending video and signal information to external devices. Electro-mini-pressure Based on feedback from the robotic CPU receives TX from the robotic bubbles for fingertip arm, 35 bubbles move accordingly to arm and moves the bubbles pressure simulation simulate pressure accordingly Total glove weight Glove w/ power supply shall weigh no Max 3lb more than 3lb Three standard sizes Glove shall come in three standard Must satisfy 95% of working sizes professionals Synchronization Glove must be able to calibrate with Audio signal lets the user know if the robotic arm so that the arm can calibration was successful, then the move accordingly robotic arm moves accordingly 10
  • 11. Importance from Greatest to Least  Performance:  Clock Speed: Fast Digital Switching Speed (Necessary to Handle a Min. 2GHz Clock), Clean Digital Pulses with Optimal TR, TF ,PDHL, PDLH  Minimum Power: Utilization (Must be < 2uA per gate) = 1A/500000 devices.  Small Size  High Noise Immunity  Reliability:  Resistance to Electrostatic Discharge  Durability 11
  • 12. Setup: Testing will Proceed in a Controlled Laboratory Environment at Room Temperature Then in More Extreme Conditions  Product Specifications will be tested to ensure glove meets all minimum functional, interface, performance, and qualification requirements.  CPU/Control unit will be programmed by a computer using the USB port to run: ▪ VR Glove Program ▪ OCR Detection Program ▪ Capability to TX live video & Glove Control Outputs to Computer  Measurement:  All Systems will be Measured against Specifications Expected Values  A Virtual System Will Be Designed With Projected Results  The Glove Will be Tested Against These Results 12
  • 13. Pass/Fail Criteria Item Verifications Fail Pass Portable Power Battery Unit Lasts for 4 Hours while in Continuous <4hrs >4hrs Supply Use Powering all Electronic Devices. Portable Power Battery Unit is Fully Rechargeable (For Three Cycles <99.9% =>99.9% Supply of 4 Hr. Testing) Capacity Capacity Power Supply Power Supply Delivers 3.61 – 3.59V for Full 4 Hours <3.59V 3.61-3.59V Output of Use. Temperature Unit will be Tested to Ensure System Powers Off Does not power Safely Powers Sensing Unit When Temperatures are at or above 100°F off. Off. Conditions: • Power to all electronics • Glove Being Used Driver Software Interface comes with driver software to sync up the Software Software glove’s chip with the interface. doesn’t sync syncs glove. glove. 13
  • 14. Pass/Fail Criteria Item Verifications Fail Pass Electro-Mini- Test all electro-mini-pressure bubbles throughout Bubbles do not Bubbles Pressure Bubbles the glove for complex simulations and interactions. move properly move for Texture properly Simulation Realistic Movement Realistic Motion accurately emulates (within 3°) 6 >3° of Error <=3° of Error Tracking System areas of tracking (X, Y, Z, Yaw, Pitch, and Roll) Touch/Sensor All 12 Touch/Sensor Points are Map- Fails to Meet Meets Points able/Programmable, and User-Adjustable. Points must be Win7 or later compliant HID buttons. Finger-Tip Touch Points should also be able to detect user Heart Rate. High-speed TX/RX TX/RX Unit needs to operate at a minimum of Does not TX at TX at 250 Unit. 250Mbits/sec. 250 Mbits/sec Mbits/sec Accurate TX/RX TX/RX acquired data accurately. BER > 10^-6 BER < 10^-6 Unit. 14
  • 15. Meets requirements for Text to Braille System with Addition Functionality for Other External Applications:  VR Industry  Medical Systems  Integrating VR and Information Access  Training Programs  Students/Educators  Computer Users/Gaming Industry  Robotics  Military  The Wanderlink Glove HID has the potential to Redefine Human Interaction with Tomorrow’s Technology. 15
  • 16. 16
  • 17. Batteries Wholesale, Capacity VS Weight. Retrieved 29 October 2011 from: http://www.batterieswholesale.com/capacity_weight.htm HEV Vehicle Battery Types,n.d., Retrieved 13 October 2011 from ThermoAnalytics Website:http://www.thermoanalytics.com/support/publications/batterytypesdoc.html Cyber Glove 2. Retrieved 29 October 2011. http://www.vrealities.com/cyber.html P5 Virtual Reality Glove, n.d., Retrieved 13 October 2011 from:http://www.vrealities.com/P5.html Peregrine Glove, n.d., Retrieved 13 October 2011 from:http://theperegrine.com/product/ All About Batteries for Your Project, n.d., Retrieved 13 October 2011 from:http://www.ladyada.net/library/batteries.html Battery Life,n.d., Retrieved 13 October 2011 from Climber.org Website:http://www.climber.org/gear/batteries.html 17

Editor's Notes

  1. Good Evening. This evening Loren Schwappach, Dan Wehnes and myself, Tom Thede, will present the Wanderlink Glove project. This project is primarily focused on providing a human interface device, a glove that will remote control a robotic arm to function in an environment deemed hazardous to humans.
  2. The purpose of the Wanderlink Glove Project is shown: To engineer an innovative, multi-use, portable, light-weight, ergonomic glove-like human interface device. Touch points will be added along with the capability to detect three-dimensional motion. By using touch points, the glove will allow the user to remote control the robotic arm.
  3. This list shows a top-level overview of expected functions of the Wanderlink Glove and the different components it will contain.
  4. As an overview for the remainder of the presentation, Loren Schwappach will cover the initial design concept, potential contracts/applications, general requirements and expected operations of the Wanderlink Glove to include a black box diagram of the system. I will then cover the system specifications to define the expected values needed to meet system requirements and identify the critical characteristics for our portion of the design effort. Dan Wehnes will finish up the presentation by addressing our acceptance procedures and provide final conclusions. Questions will be addressed as they occur with a final opportunity at the end of the presentation. A list of references is provided at the end to identify the sources for the information provided.
  5. Above are some initial concept designs and feature layouts for the Wanderlink Glove.
  6. This is a list of general requirements for the Wanderlink Glove.
  7. This is a lost of general glove operations, conditions, and expected output for multiple glove operations.
  8. This is a rough black box diagram of the Wanderlink Glove.
  9. For a complex device like the Wanderlink Glove, there a number of system specifications required. The system specifications for the Wanderlink Glove are shown in the next several slides to include the requirement, a description and expected values for each specification and are not meant to be all inclusive at this point in the design process. The first requirement is a light-weight, portable, power supply that must provide 3.7 Volts to power all glove electronics for a minimum time of eight hours. The expected values for the power supply based on market research are a power density of 185 Watt-hours/kilogram and a weight under one half pound. Available lithium-polymer technology batteries will satisfy these requirements. The second requirement is a realistic movement tracking system that monitors motions with six degrees of tracking including the X, Y, Z, Yaw, Pitch, and Roll. To provide this capability, the glove will provide six eight-bit outputs to the CPU every 500 milliseconds. The third requirement is to provide temperature sensing, as a safety feature, to ensure the glove powers down when it exceeds a predetermined temperature to avoid injury to the user. This will be done by the speaker giving a warning signal to the user via the speaker. To monitor the temperature, the glove will provide a six bit output to the CPU every 500 milliseconds. The glove must be synchronized with the robotic arm, which will require driver software.
  10. The fifth requirement are the electro-min-pressure bubbles that provide fingertip texture simulation for reading Braille. The expected values for this requirement are 24 bits for each finger or a total of 96 bits every 10 milliseconds with user controls to vary the reading speed. The sixth requirement is a 10 Megapixel optic/camera that can scan an 8.5 by 11 inch page with text sizes from 6 to 24 point for text conversion and high definition (1080 pixels) video recording. The expected values are a high (GB range) output to the CPU/transmit unit at a minimum of 30 FPS.
  11. Taking the system specifications, our design team will focus on the following critical characteristics when developing a logic gate that will be utilized in the design of the Wanderlink Glove. Our most important critical design characteristics is a clock speed of at least 2 GHz with clean digital pulse that have minimal rise times, fall times and propagation delays. Expected values for these delays are in the nanosecond range. The logical must minimize power usage to handle the expected large number of devices with usage expected less than 2 microamps per gate. This value will keep the power utilization down to one amp for 500,000 devices. The logic gate must be small in size to meet the weight and size restrictions of the glove and have a high noise immunity so it can be used in an environment with other electrical devices. To provide reliable operations, the glove must be resistant to electrostatic discharge and be durable enough to handle operation by people of various ages. Dan Wehnes will now go over our design team’s acceptance plan; discuss our design’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats; and provide final conclusions.
  12. Extreme conditions such as below freezing, desert environment, low humidity, high humidity.
  13. The power supply must be able to drive all the sensors and pressure bubbles properly.
  14. The glove is designed to be modifiable for many applications. The most current focus is the text to braille application.
  15. Are there any final questions on the design of the Wanderlink Glove Project?
  16. References:Batteries Wholesale, Capacity VS Weight. Retrieved 29 October 2011 from: http://www.batterieswholesale.com/capacity_weight.htmHEV Vehicle Battery Types,n.d., Retrieved 13 October 2011 from ThermoAnalyticsWebsite:http://www.thermoanalytics.com/support/publications/batterytypesdoc.htmlP5 Virtual Reality Glove, n.d., Retrieved 13 October 2011 from:http://www.vrealities.com/P5.htmlPeregrine Glove, n.d., Retrieved 13 October 2011 from:http://theperegrine.com/product/All About Batteries for Your Project, n.d., Retrieved 13 October 2011 from:http://www.ladyada.net/library/batteries.htmlBattery Life,n.d., Retrieved 13 October 2011 from Climber.org Website:http://www.climber.org/gear/batteries.html