The document discusses latitude, longitude, time zones, and daylight saving time. It explains that: 1) Latitude and longitude were developed in the Middle Ages to create a geographic grid system. Latitude lines run horizontally while longitude lines run vertically. 2) There are 24 time zones that extend 7.5 degrees on either side of standard meridians that are 15 degrees apart, starting from the Prime Meridian in Greenwich, England. 3) Daylight saving time sets clocks forward by one hour in spring and back in fall in many countries to make better use of daylight hours. Crossing the International Date Line results in a one day shift in calendar date.

1. Location and Time

2. Latitude and LongitudeLatitude and Longitude
The latitude and longitude system wasThe latitude and longitude system was
developed in the middle ages. Ptolemydeveloped in the middle ages. Ptolemy
also used a grid system in ancient Greece.also used a grid system in ancient Greece.
Latitude lines run horizontallyLatitude lines run horizontally
and are also known asand are also known as
parallels.parallels.
Longitude lines, also knownLongitude lines, also known
as meridians, run vertically.as meridians, run vertically.

3. a) Latitude (Parallels) b) Longitude (Meridians)
The Geographic Grid

4. Latitude
1. Latitude lines are also known as
parallels because they are parallel and
are an equal distance apart from each
other.
2. Each degree of latitude is
approximately 69 miles apart. There is
a slight variation because the earth is
not round, but more ellipsoid.
3. One way to remember latitude is to
imagine it as the rungs of a ladder,
“ladder-tude.”
4. Degrees of latitude are numbered from
0 to 90, both north and south.
5. 0° is the Equator, the imaginary line that
divides the earth into northern and
southern hemispheres.
6. 90° north is the North Pole and 90°
south is the South Pole.

5. The Equator: 0° N/SThe Equator: 0° N/S

6. Longitude
1. Longitude lines are also known
as meridians.
2. They are about 69 miles apart at
the equator, they converge at the
poles.
3. 0° longitude is located at
Greenwich, England.
4. The degrees continue to 180°
east and west until they meet at
the International Date Line in the
Pacific Ocean.

7. Prime Meridian: 0° E/WPrime Meridian: 0° E/W
► Greenwich, England: the site of theGreenwich, England: the site of the
British Royal Greenwich Observatory,British Royal Greenwich Observatory,
was established as the site of thewas established as the site of the
Prime Meridian by an internationalPrime Meridian by an international
conference in 1884.conference in 1884.

8. International Date Line 180° E/WInternational Date Line 180° E/W

9. Longitude and LatitudeLongitude and Latitude
• Degrees longitude and latitude are divided
into minutes (') and seconds (").
– There are 60 minutes in each degree.
• Each minute is divided into 60 seconds.
– Seconds can be further divided into tenths, hundredths,
or even thousandths.

10. • For example, the U.S. Capitol is located at
38°53'23"N , 77°00'27"W
– Or 38°, 53 minutes, and 23 seconds north of
the equator and 77 degrees, no minutes and
27 seconds west of the meridian passing
through Greenwich, England).
Longitude and LatitudeLongitude and Latitude

11. How to write Latitude and
Longitude
• Coordinates of latitude and longitude
are ALWAYS written as
LATITUDE 1st
, LONGITUDE 2nd
N or S°, E or W°
• For Example- Victorville, CA:
34° N, 118° W
• Directions MUST always be included
in the coordinates

12. • AAA is located at the corner
of Haven Ave. and Foothill Bl.
Using Latitude and
Longitude
Latitude and longitude are like imaginary streets on the earth.
1. Go to your starting line (the Equator).
2. Determine which direction you must go (north or south).
3. Determine the distance in degrees you must go.
*This will give you the location of one of your streets*
1. Go to your starting line (the Prime Meridian).
2. Determine which direction you must go (east or west).
3. Determine the distance in degrees you must go.
*This will give the location of your second street.*
If you find the imaginary intersection of the two roads, then you have found the exact
location of a particular place!

13. Using your atlasUsing your atlas
• An atlas is a collection of maps compiled into an easy-to-
use format
• It usually has an accompanying index, which is an
alphabetical listing of place names and their
pronunciations
• Atlases may be general in nature and cover the entire
globe, or they may be specific to geographical locations,
topics or time periods
– Specialized atlases exist in a wide variety of topics
– Most libraries have atlases in their reference sections.

14. Goode’s World AtlasGoode’s World Atlas
• Introduction
– Contains information about:
• The edition of the Atlas you are using
• Basic Earth properties
– Information on longitude and latitude, important grid lines, and more
• Map Scale
• Map Projections
• Thematic Maps
– Information about the different types of maps included in the atlas
• Map Legend
– This section is very important!
– Contains information about the symbols used on the maps
• For example, shows the different sized dots that are used to represent
cities and what the population is for each sized dot
• Also shows the symbols used to depict landforms
• World Maps
• Regional Maps
• Tables and Indexes

15. Goode’s World AtlasGoode’s World Atlas
• World Maps Section
– This section contains many world maps
including:
• Political, physical, landforms, volcanoes, ocean
floor, climates, vegetation, soil, population density,
gross domestic product, literacy, languages,
minerals, nuclear power, military power,
telecommunications, and more.

16. Goode’s World AtlasGoode’s World Atlas
• Regional Maps Section
– This is separated into regions with many different
maps of each region.
– The regions in this atlas are:
1. North America
2. South America
3. Europe
4. Asia
5. Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica
6. Africa
7. Oceans and Arctic Region

17. Goode’s World AtlasGoode’s World Atlas
• Tables and Indexes Section
– This section contains an alphabetical list of all of the
places in the atlas, which includes a pronunciation
guide, page number where the place can be found in
the atlas, and the latitude and longitude coordinates.
– It also contains:
• A glossary of foreign geographic terms
• General Information about:
– Land area of islands, area of lakes and oceans, heights of
mountains, length of rivers, population for large cities
• World Political Information
• World Demographic Information
• World Agriculture Information
• World Economic Tables

18. Time

19. Time
• Early agricultural societies found that local noon could be
determined by observing the changing length of the shadow cast
by a stick placed perpendicular to the ground. Local noon is the
time at which the shadow is the shortest length cast. Romans used
this principle to design their sundials and called their noon position
of the Sun the "meridian" (meridiem - the Sun's highest point of the
day).
• It was difficult to compare time as one traveled to different localities
as each city adjusted its clocks to their own local noon.
• Because the Earth rotates toward the east, towns to the east
experienced solar noon earlier while those to the west later.

20. Standard Time
• As cross-country travel and communication became faster and more
efficient, a standardized system of global time was required.
• Given the Earth rotates once throughout a 24 hour period, 24 standard times
zones were agreed upon at the 1884 International Prime Meridian
Conference.
• The local solar time at Greenwich, England was designated the prime
meridian. Each time zone extends 7.5° on either side of a central meridian.
• For years the global standard for reporting time was Greenwich mean time
(GMT). GMT is now referred to as Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) but
the prime meridian is still the reference for standard time.

21. International Date
LineFerdinand Magellan and crew in 1519 set
out on their westward journey from Spain
to circumnavigate the Earth. Upon their
return three years later, they discovered
that
their meticulously kept logs were off by one
day. This was one of the first recorded
experience with changing global time. This
earlier experience would ultimately lead to
the establishment of the international date
line. The International Date Line lies
directly opposite of the prime meridian and
having a longitude of 180°. Crossing the
line when traveling east one turns their
calendar back a full day. Traveling west one
moves their calendar forward one day.

22. Daylight Saving TimeDaylight Saving Time
 Many countries observeMany countries observe
daylight saving timedaylight saving time - the- the
practice of setting clockspractice of setting clocks
forward one hour in the springforward one hour in the spring
and back one hour in the fall.and back one hour in the fall.
 First proposed by BenjaminFirst proposed by Benjamin
Franklin, the notion ofFranklin, the notion of
extending daylight one hourextending daylight one hour
into the evening didn't catchinto the evening didn't catch
hold until World War One as ahold until World War One as a
means of energy savings.means of energy savings.
 Some countries, territories,Some countries, territories,
and states in the U.S. do notand states in the U.S. do not
observe daylight saving time.observe daylight saving time.

23. Standard MeridiansStandard Meridians
• There are 24 standard
meridians.
• They are all 15° apart.
• The first standard meridian is
the Prime Meridian.
• Time does NOT change at the
standard meridians.
– The standard meridian is the
middle of the time zone.
– Time zones extend 7.5° on
each side of the standard
meridian.

24. US Time Zones

26. Assignment
• Read Section Three: Location
– Complete Problems-Part I 1 a-e, 2 a-e,
Problems-Part II 1 a-e, 2 a-d, 3, and 4
• Read Section Four: Time
– Complete Problems-Part I 1-4, Problems-Part
II 1 a & b, 2, and 3
– Complete worksheet “Calculating Time” 1 a-d,
2, 3 a-e