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塑造新世紀的中國社會主義民主理論:在正在成型中的憲
制國家背景下考量胡鞍鋼的“集體領導體制”
白軻 (Larry Catá Backer)
美國賓夕法尼亞州立大學迪金遜法學院與國際事務學院
LCB911@GMAIL.COM
Power point Prepared by :
高山, S.J.D. Candidate,美國賓夕法尼亞州立大學迪金遜法學院
Nov 2014
I. 议题:如何定義民主?
II. 背景:如何解讀中國國情下的民主問題?
III. 結論:中國正在發展一套獨特的民主和治理的理論
I. 议题:如何定義民主?
主權
人民
投票
選舉
代議制政府
先鋒党
外 源 性 民 主 治 理 内 源 性 民 主 治 理
民主集中外源性 vs 內源性
話語權
合法性
對人民負責
對先鋒党負責
對人民負責
主權
人民
代議制政府
理論
傳統的列寧主義
• 馬克思主義價值觀開始僵化,列寧主義的組織
原則被官僚主義和個人崇拜所替代。
• 對於階級鬥爭觀念以及先鋒主義的主觀僵硬解
讀使得馬克思主義國家與現實相脫離,最終導
致了政黨和國家的解體。
民主列寧主義?
• 從解決階級矛盾轉向解決生產力矛盾。
• 將馬克思主義的集體性原則擴展到列寧主義的
先鋒黨組織領導原則之中。
• 在政黨和國家集團內部實踐建立在共識之上的
代議制民主。
• 集體領導體制理論源於將集體制原則融於列寧
主義的組織領導機構中。
Legitimacy
?
社會國家? 民主 ? 合法性? 法治國家?
中國特色的集體
制?
II. 背景:如何解讀中國國情下的民主問題?
高效現代的馬克思列寧主義實踐機制符合社會主義的現代化轉型
集體領導體制
黨內
民主
集體換屆
集體學習
集體決策
集體分工協
作
集體調研
集體領導制變遷之路
(1927-48)
起源
(1949-57)
建立
(1958-76)
困難
(1977-91)
重建
(1992-12)
鞏固完善
進一步發展2012-
集體領導制運行機制
集體分工協作機制
中共中央常務
委員會
省級中共常務委
員會
市級中共常務委員會
• 工作機制的目的不在於獲得占多數的選
票而在於達成共識。
• 個人代表的應當是其所屬機構的政策觀
點。
• 共識通過每一級別組織的成員實現,並
受制于先鋒党的忠實義務。
集體換屆機制
投票選
舉
集體換
屆機制
成為領導
成為領導
獲得領導權:
公民個人通過投票選舉票選
代表,代表通過其所屬政黨
來行使國家主權。
• 票選代表對選民負責
獲得領導權:
• 基於個人的地方治理經,一種可
預測的任命制度。
• 黨內民主,個人參與和黨派主義
被排斥。
• 代議的領導成員對党和人民負責。
集體學習機制和調研機制
• 集體學習不僅僅是黨用於提高治理水準與法治建設的重要手段,而且是黨章確定的
重要原則。
• 集體調研機制是一項關鍵的工作方法,體現了黨的實事求是原則。它關注與黨員幹
部與人民的聯繫。
• 集體學習和調研同時關注向黨外人士借鑒和學習。
集體決策機制
• 关注于决策事项的实体结果:是否做出妥善的决定。
– 统一战线的决策参与与集体决策的机制是先锋党治理的重要元素。
– 決策機制關注的不是個人觀點,而是關注黨員幹部能否做出忠於黨和國家集團利益的決
定。
改革前景
 制度化:
• 中共中央的工作流程應當制度化.
 負責制:
• 將黨員幹部的忠實誠信義務制度化,責任制化。確立權責明晰的規章制度,設立相應的監督
機構,比如雙規機構。
 政治共識:
• 通過調研和學習的手段,加深對於事實和黨的指導原則的理解,來更好的獲得決策中的共識。
 透明性:
• 完善資訊通報和發佈制度,使得黨和人民的意見能夠更好的交流。
 創新性:
• 為了推進社會主義民主,不斷加強理論建設,避免理論僵化。
III. 結論:中國正在發展一套獨特的民主和治理的理論
• 集體領導體制將列寧主義的組織領導原則適用于社會主義中國的國情之下,這一理
論提出了一個不同于西方社會建立在選舉制度之上的民主觀。
• 集體領導體制的核心不僅契合於當下黨和國家進行社會主義現代化建設的旗幟,並
且符合社會主義憲政體制。
• 不過,在實踐中,需要不斷的理論革新,機構改革以不斷完善這一民主和治理的實
行體制。

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塑造新世紀的中國社會主義民主理論:在正在成型中的憲制國家背景下考量胡鞍鋼的“集體領導體制” Collective presidency chinese version