12. 1. DKD IS STILL THE LEADING CAUSE OF ESKD IN
OUR HOSPITAL .
2. PATIENTS IN PRE-ESRD STAGE SHOW TENDENCY
TO BE MORE OLDER
3. MORE AND MORE PRE-ESRD PATIENTS CHOSE
HOSPICE AND PALLIATIVE CARE RATHER THAN
DIALYSIS FOR RRT IN OUR HOSPITAL IN RECENT 3
YEARS (DATA OF YEAR 2016 TO 2018)
Summary
12
18. Lin E, Chertow GM, Yan B, Malcolm E, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD (2018) Cost-effectiveness of multidisciplinary care in mild to moderate
chronic kidney disease in the United States: A modeling study. PLOS Medicine 15(3): e1002532.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002532
https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002532
Why was this study done?
•在美國,CKD是發病率和死亡率的主要原因。
•當具有不同專業知識的醫療保健提供者合作治療單一疾病時,
multidisciplinary care 已成功降低了CKD患者的死亡率和終末期腎臟疾病
的發生率。
•了解multidisciplinary care對CKD的經濟影響,可以幫助決策者決定該計
劃是否以經濟有效的方式改善健康狀況。
•What did the researchers do and find?
•在大多數CKD患者中, multidisciplinary care具有成本效益,而蛋白尿水
平較高的患者則具有更高的成本效益。
•即使多學科護理遠沒有基本案例估計有效或昂貴,但在該模型中仍然具有
成本效益.
Cost-effectiveness of multidisciplinary care in mild to
moderate chronic kidney disease in the United States: A
modeling study
24. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15: 234–237
Blood Purif 2000; 18: 304–312
Am J Kidney Dis 1997;30: 297–298
J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10:110–116
1. Often mentioned but seldom used
2. Low-protein diets remains controversial with discrepancies
between results in intention-to-treat analysis and those in per-
protocol analysis
3. Low-protein diets :‘metabolic stabilizers’
4. Low-protein diets : low-protein diet on the progression of CKD
becomes evident only when protein intake is <0.8 g of
proteins/kg/day.
Impact on DKD patient on low-protein diets:
to slow chronic kidney disease (CKD)
progression (DKD)
Protein: 0.6g/Kg
30 to 40 % lower
than control group
30. 160 cm, 60kg, female with CKD
stage 4
• IBW=56kg
• Age ≧ 60, energy=56×30kcal/kg=1680 kcal
Age <60, energy=56×35kcal/kg=1960 kcal
(non-DM) protein=56×0.6g/kg=34 g
(DM) protein=56×0.8g/kg=45 g
45. Interplay between acute kidney injury (AKI),
acute kidney disease (AKD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD)
Chawla, L. S. et al. (2017) Acute kidney disease and renal recovery: consensus report of the Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) 16 Workgroup
Nat. Rev. Nephrol. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2017.2
46. Approach to drug management in patients with acute kidney
disease (AKD)
Chawla, L. S. et al. (2017) Acute kidney disease and renal recovery: consensus report of the Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) 16 Workgroup
Nat. Rev. Nephrol. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2017.2
Modified from Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative 16; www.adqi.org.
47. RRT characteristics that might affect recovery from AKI
Chawla, L. S. et al. (2017) Acute kidney disease and renal recovery: consensus report of the Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) 16 Workgroup
Nat. Rev. Nephrol. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2017.2
48. Assessment of drug selection, dosing and monitoring
in AKD
Chawla, L. S. et al. (2017) Acute kidney disease and renal recovery: consensus report of the Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) 16 Workgroup
Nat. Rev. Nephrol. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2017.2
70. Author
Bibliogra
phy
year Entry criteria
Number of
participant
s
(control/A
ST-120)
Study
design
(ALL
prospective
)
interventio
n with AST
endpoint Results
Owada KI suppl 1997
CKD
(sCr 3-8.6mg/dl)
13/13
Randomize
d,
controlled
low protein
diet
1/sCr, IS
AST-120 improved
decline of 1/sCr slope
Shoji
Nephron
Clin Prac
2007
CKD
(mean eGFR=30min/ml),
⊿eGFR≦-5ml/min/year)
78/78
Randomize
d,
controlled
(convention
al)
⊿eGFR
AST-120 improved ⊿eGFR
decline.
Nakamu
ra
Kidney
Blood
Press
Res.
2004
・Non diabetic CKD
(Cr ave 3.2mg/dl)
20/30
Randomize
d
controlled
(convention
al)
1/sCr, UP, PWV, IMT
AST-120 showed the
efficiency 1/sCr and IMT.
Yorioka J Nephrol 2008
CKD
(sCr 1.5-5.0mg/dl) or
eGFR
(15-60ml/min/1.73mm2)
(Progressive
deterioration)
13/15
Randomize
d
controlled
(convention
al)
dialysis, eGFR, slope
of eGFR
AST-120 showed the
efficiency in eGFR, slope
of eGFR.
Konishi
Diabets
Res Clin
Pract
2008
Diabetes
(sCr≦1.5g/dl)
10/6
Randomize
d,
controlled
(convention
al)
sCr, IS
AST-120 prevented
reduction of sCr
Akizawa AJKD 2009
CKD
(sCr ≦5㎎/dl)
229/241
Randomize
d,
controlled
low protein
diet,
Antihyperte
nsive
medication
Primary: increase of
sCr (doubling or
>6mg/dl), ESRD, RTx,
death
Secondary: CCr,
proteinuria, QOL
・AST-120 improved
change in CCr.
Schulum
an
JASN 2014
CKD
(men : sCr 2.0-5.0mg/dl,
Women : sCr 1.5-5.0mg/dl)
(UP/Ucr≧0.5) or >10%
increase in sCr within 3
months after screening
999/1000
Randomize
d, double
blind,
placebo
controlled
(convention
al)
Primary: doubling of
s-Cr, ESRD, death
• AST-120 improved
⊿eGFR decline.
G4-G5
G3b-G5
G4-G5
G3a-G5
G3a-b
G4-G5
G4-G5
71. Author
Bibliogr
aphy
year Entry criteria
Number of
participant
s
(control/A
ST-120)
Study
design
(ALL
prospect
ive)
interventi
on with
AST
endpoint Results
Schulum
an
Clinical
and
Experim
ental
Nephrol
ogy
2017
CKD
(men : sCr 2.0-5.0mg/dl,
Women : sCr 1.5-5.0mg/dl)
(UP/Ucr≧0.5) or >10%
increase in sCr within 3
months after screening
Risk factor analysis
999/1000
Random
ized,
double
blind,
placebo
controll
ed
(conventi
onal)
Primary:
doubling
of s-Cr,
ESRD,
death
• (UP/UCr)≧1.0 and hematuria were
independent risk factors for
event occurrence and eGFR lowering
•CKD progression may have an
association with baseline UP/UCr and
hematuria.
• AST-120 delay the time to the primary
endpoint in patients with progressive
CKD receiving standard therapy
(ACEI/ARB)
Schulum
an
BMC
Nephrol
ogy
2016
CKD
(men : sCr 2.0-5.0mg/dl,
Women : sCr 1.5-5.0mg/dl)
(UP/Ucr≧0.5) or >10%
increase in sCr within 3
months after screening
EPPIC-USA population
post-hoc analysis
293/290
Random
ized,
double
blind,
placebo
controll
ed
(conventi
onal)
Primary:
doubling
of s-Cr,
ESRD,
death
• Beneficial effect of AST-120 was
observed in the EPPIC-USA Per-Protocol
population comprised of patients who
had study drug compliance rates ≥67 %,
and were treated for at least 8 weeks.
• AST-120 reduced the risk of achieving
the primary end point and ESRD in the
PP population and with diabetic
nephropathy (DN)
Ran-hui
Cha
Kidney
Res Clin
Pract
2017
CKD
(eGFR: 15-59 ml/min
per1.73m2
sCr 2.0-5.0mg/dl)
eGFR decline≧2.5 over6
months or eGFR decline≧5
over12 months
Systolic BP≦160mmHg
Diastolic BP≦100mmHg
K-STAR post-hoc analysis
for per-protocol
population
239/226
Random
ized
controll
ed
(conventi
onal)
doubling
of serum
creatinine
eGFR
decrease
50%
initiation
of RRT
• For AST-120 patients with higher
compliance, there were fewer composite
primary outcomes
• The eGFR level was more stable in the
AST-120 arm, especially in diabetic
patients.
• At one year, the AST-120-induced
decrease in the serum indoxyl sulfate
concentration inversely correlated with
the occurrence of composite primary
outcomes
• AST-120 showed a protective effect
against the major cardiovascular
adverse events
G3b-G5
G3b-G5
G3-G4