The document provides information on creating the right training environment for athletes with visual impairments (VI). It discusses VI classification systems used in Paralympic sports, motor performance factors in athletics for athletes with VI, and training considerations. It notes that vision is impacted by impairment of the eye structure, optic nerves, or visual cortex. The classification system evolved from a 1970s model of legal blindness categories to a 2000s system accounting for visual acuity and visual field measurements. Sprinters, middle-distance runners, long-distance runners, jumpers, and throwers have different motor and guidance needs. Training must address low physical activity levels, cardiorespiratory endurance, balance, coordination, learning skills, and the psychological profile of
Paper review - Biomechanical modeling as a practical tool for predicting inju...Hiranthi Tennakoon
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Kinematic analysis of shot release of intercollegiate athletesSports Journal
The aim of the study was to assess the performance and to identify some of the most relevant kinematic
parameters defining the completion result in Glide shot-put technique. Two shot-put men athletes were
analyzed in this study from intercollegiate athletics championships. The video recording was made with
two stationary digital cameras (DSR-PD 170 DVCAM digital video camera, Sony Company Japan Ltd).
Using systematic video recording procedure Kinematic parameters such as, height of release, angle of
release, velocity of release, two frames Release velocity before (two frames), trunk angle at release,
horizontal release distance, projected distance, Angle between transverse axes of shoulder and hip,
Angular Velocity of Shoulder and Angular Velocity of Pelvis. The result of the study indicates the
possibility of increasing the horizontal length of the shot put, which would lead to greater distance. The
significance of this research is to obtain useful information for coaches and athletes, which will
contribute to the further improvement of techniques. It is necessary to conduct further and more detailed
studies of phases preceding the release, on which performance of the release phase and achievement of
the best possible results may depend.
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Kinematic analysis of shot release of intercollegiate athletesSports Journal
The aim of the study was to assess the performance and to identify some of the most relevant kinematic
parameters defining the completion result in Glide shot-put technique. Two shot-put men athletes were
analyzed in this study from intercollegiate athletics championships. The video recording was made with
two stationary digital cameras (DSR-PD 170 DVCAM digital video camera, Sony Company Japan Ltd).
Using systematic video recording procedure Kinematic parameters such as, height of release, angle of
release, velocity of release, two frames Release velocity before (two frames), trunk angle at release,
horizontal release distance, projected distance, Angle between transverse axes of shoulder and hip,
Angular Velocity of Shoulder and Angular Velocity of Pelvis. The result of the study indicates the
possibility of increasing the horizontal length of the shot put, which would lead to greater distance. The
significance of this research is to obtain useful information for coaches and athletes, which will
contribute to the further improvement of techniques. It is necessary to conduct further and more detailed
studies of phases preceding the release, on which performance of the release phase and achievement of
the best possible results may depend.
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این پاورپوینت در کارگاه ارزیابی و توانبخشی مشکلات راه رفتن در کودکان مبتلا به فلج مغزی توسط دکتر محمد خیاط زاده ماهانی، عضو هیات علمی دانشگاه جندی شاپور اهواز در محل دانشگاه بهزیستی ارائه شده است.
برای مشاهده مطالب بیشتر در این زمینه به وب سایت فروردین مراجعه نمایید.
www.farvardin.com
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Abstract: Background And Purpose Of The Study: Patello-femoral arthritis is the most common type of
arthritis especially older people sometimes it is called as degenerative joint disease. Patello- femoral arthritis is
one of the common causes of physical disability in adults. It is the second most common cause of chronic
conditions. 50% of older persons after 55 years are affected. Some of the young people get arthritis from the
joint injuries. Arthritis is the leading cause of disability in our nation more than other systemic diseases like
heart diseases, cancer and diabetes. There are many therapeutic interventions for the treatment of patellofemoral
arthritis. The study is to determine whether closed kinetic chain exercise offer any advantages over
open kinetic chain exercises.
Method: The patients are randomly selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and divided into two
groups. Group A and Group B. Group A is trained with closed kinetic chain exercise and Group B is trained
with open kinetic chain exercises for a period of 12 weeks. the pre and post treatment readings of VAS and
KUJALA scale are taken in both groups for statistical analysis.
Results: The results showed reduction in pain and improvement in functional activity in both Group A and
Group B, significant improvement has been noted in Group A after 12 weeks of training.
Conclusion: This study shows that there was significant improvement in functional ability and reduction of pain
as a result of both open and closed kinetic chain exercises program. There are only few significant differences
between closed kinetic chain exercises (GROUP-A) and open kineticchain exercises (GROUP-B). It reviles that
closed kinetic chain exercises are more effective in the treatment of patello-femoral arthritis than the
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This study aimed to adopt a teaching method using task analysis for badminton forehand overhead clear coaching experiment and evaluate the coaching effects. Sixty male participants (mean age: 14.6 years old) without badminton training experience were recruited. All the participants were assigned into two groups (30 participants in either group). Task analysis teaching method was applied in one group as task analysis group and conventional teaching method was applied in the other group as control group. Before the coaching
experiment, there were no differences in physical fi tness and badminton level between the two groups. Motor skills were evaluated using. phase performance score. Badminton forehand overhead clear skills were evaluated using shuttlecock landing performance score. After the experiment, motor skills (25.8 ± 1.3 vs. 51.8 ± 3.7, p < 0.01) and badminton forehand overhead clear skills (22.2 ± 2.4 vs. 54.0 ± 6.4, p < 0.01) in task analysis group improved signifi cantly. In control group, motor skills (25.2 ± 1.4 vs. 36.2 ± 2.8, p < 0.01) and badminton. forehand overhead clear skills (23.2 ± 2.9 vs 50.8 ± 5.2, p < 0.01) also improved signifi cantly. Two-way ANOVA analysis revealed that
the coaching effects of task analysis group were signifi cantly better than control group both of motor skills (51.8 ± 3.7 vs. 36.2 ± 2.8, p < 0.01) and badminton forehand overhead clear skills (54.0 ± 6.4 vs. 50.8 ± 5.2, p < 0.05). In conclusion, task analysis teaching method could boost badminton motor skill learning and develop motor skill abilities.
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Colorado springs 2015
1. Creating the right environment for VI
training
Ciro Winckler
APB/CPB/UNIFESP
2. Professor of São Paulo Federal University
Athletics Technical Coordinator of Brazil
NPC
Member of IPC Athletics Coach Council
Member of Brazilian Paralympic Academy
Ciro Winckler
3. • Vision
• VI Classification
• Motor Performance in Athletics
• Training
Agenda
4. Visual Impairment
Vision is impacted by either an impairment of
the eye structure, optical nerves or optical
pathways, or visual cortex of the central brain.
IPC, 2015Visual Field
Visual Acuity
7. VI Classification
• Model Started
of 1970 decade
• Legal Blindness
• B1 Blind
• B2 Low Vision
• B3 Low
Vision
8.
9. VI Classification
• Decade of 2000
• Modification of the System
• 11
Visual acuity poorer than LogMAR 2.6.
• 12
Visual acuity ranging from LogMAR 1.5
to 2.6 (inclusive)
and/or Visual field constricted to a
diameter of less than 10 degrees.
• 13
Visual acuity ranging from LogMAR 1.4
to 1.0 (inclusive) and/or Visual field
constricted to a diameter of less than
40 degrees.
10. VI Classification
50 Faculteit der Bewegingswetenschappen
RESEARCH APPROACH 1
IMPAIRMENT-PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP
S13 S12 S11
S13 S12 S11NE
NE
R² = 0.687
R² = 0.373
VI Classification Research
Expert Meeting
Day II
Amsterdam
23-25th January 2015
22. Are Guides necessary
only for Track events?
Hay, J.G., Miller, J.A. and
Canterna, R.W. (1986).
The techniques of elite
male long jumpers.
Journal of Biomechanics,
19, 855-866.
athlete’s physical capabilities. (In long jumping, the optimum technique is usually to use the
fastest possible run-up and to spring upwards as much as possible at takeoff.)
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
run-up speed (m/s)jumpdistance(m)
Cross-sectional study (Hay, 1993)
Intervention study (Current study)
Figure 1. Comparison of results from a cross-sectional study and a technique intervention
study. (Cross-sectional data courtesy of Jim Hay.)
In contrast, the intervention study reported here considered only a single athlete. Although
the jumps by the athlete were always at maximum effort, the jumps with the slower run-ups
were not employing the optimum technique that would result in the maximum possible jump
distance. However, at any given run-up speed the technique used by the athlete was close to
the optimum for that run-up speed. This is a reasonable assumption because the athlete was
highly experienced and regularly performed jumps from a short run-up as part of his normal
training program. The trend line for the intervention study intersects that for the cross-
sectional study at a jump distance of about 8 m. This is expected because data points in this
region correspond to conditions identical to those for the cross-sectional study; namely,
25. Low levels of Physical
Activity
Leverenz, 2009
Sedentarism caused by the
visual limitation or
absense of stimulation
STANFORD, 1975, HOPKINS, et al. 1987,
COMITÉ OLIMPICO ESPANHOL, 1992,
MOURA E CASTRO, COSTA, FREITAS, 1992,
WILLIANS, et al. 1996
Sedentarism
27. VO2
People with blindness that
are sys tematic p hysical
activity practitioners can
develop similar results of
the VO2 of people without
disabilities
KOBBERLING; JANKOWSK & Leger, 1991
28. T h e l o w v i s u a l
capacity cau se s a
r e d u c t i o n i n
mechanical efficiency
of movement, thus
demand more energy
e x p e n d i t u r e a n d
increased fatigue
STAMFORD, 1975, HOPKINS et al., 1987
Coordination
31. Injuries in VI athletics
ecurrent injury,
using Microsoft
0Ò
. Descriptive
ne the total and
Wilk test was
ibution. Where
ssumed, a one-
used to assess
nd field events,
sexes. Alterna-
ess differences
ptance level of
d 31 suffered a
orrespond to a
93 injuries per
incidence rate
her prevalence
male athletes
cant (P 9 0.05).
s presented a
slightly higher prevalence of sports injuries, followed by
T/F12 and T/F13 athletes. However, T/F12 athletes showed
slightly higher clinical incidence, followed by T/F11 and
T/F13 (Table 1). There were no statistically significant dif-
ferences observed between classifications or groups in these
epidemiological data (P 9 0.05). When comparing the epi-
demiological data between event types such as track (sprint,
medium, and long distance) and field (throws and jumps), no
statistically significant differences were observed.
FIGURE 1—Mechanism of sport injury in track and field paralympic
competitions.
http://www.acsm-msse.orgSports Medicine
lege of Sports Medicine. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
With respect to injury mechanisms (Fig. 1), overuse in-
juries were the most prevalent (82%), and traumatic injuries
constituted the remaining smaller proportion (P G 0.05).
Figure 2 represents the distribution of sport injuries by
body segment, where the lower limbs appeared to be most
affected.
The frequency of injuries by body region (Fig. 3) revealed
that the thighs were most affected.
The frequency of sport injuries varied by diagnosis (Fig. 4),
(Table
disabi
Wh
presen
clinica
(Table
higher
that w
males
ferent,
size st
very l
and w
bodied
sports
disabi
to eva
addres
quired
lation
multip
Wit
Preval
FIGURE 2—Distribution of sport injury by body segment in track and
field paralympic competitions.
Sports Injuries in Paralympic Track and Field
Athletes with Visual Impairment
MARILIA PASSOS MAGNO E SILVA1
, CIRO WINCKLER2
, ANSELMO ATHAYDE COSTA E SILVA1
,
JAMES BILZON3
, and EDISON DUARTE1
1
Department for Adapted Physical Education, University of Campinas, BRAZIL; 2
Department for Movement Science,
Federal University of Sa˜o Paulo, BRAZIL; and 3
Department for Health, University of Bath, UNITED KINGDOM
ABSTRACT
MAGNO E SILVA, M. P., C. WINCKLER, A. A. COSTA E SILVA, J. BILZON, and E. DUARTE. Sports Injuries in Paralympic Track
and Field Athletes with Visual Impairment. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 45, No. 5, pp. 908–913, 2013. Purpose: The aims of this study
were to determine the epidemiology, nature, and pattern of sports injuries in Brazilian Paralympic track and field athletes with visual
impairment and to assess differences between visual classes and sex. Methods: Forty visually impaired elite Paralympic athletes par-
MAGNO E SILVA, M. P., C. WINCKLER, A. A. COSTA E SILVA, J. BILZON, and E. DUARTE. Sports Injuries in Paralympic Track and
Field Athletes with Visual Impairment. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 45, No. 5, pp. 908–913, 2013.
33. The blind athletes (Class T11) should
be escorted by the athlete-guide.
The Low Vision athletes (Class T12)
can be escorted by the athlete-
guide.
The guide and the Athletes T11 or T12
run side by side, connected by a rope
The guide will provide verbal and
tactile information
Lieberman, Butcher & Moak, 2001
40. How much the guide
needs to be better than
the athlete?
41.
42. 14
PALABRAS
CLAVE:
Discapacidad
visual,
Deporte
paralímpico,
Atletismo,
Carreras de
velocidad,
Cinemática
de la carrera
KEY
WORDS:
Visually
impaired,
Paralympic
Sport,
Athletics.
Sprint race,
Kinematic of
the race
Rev.Ib.CC. Act. Fís. Dep. 2014; 3(3): 14-23
LA CARRERA DE VELOCIDAD EN PERSONAS CON
DISCAPACIDAD VISUAL
THE SPRINT IN PERSONS WITH VISUALLY IMPAIRED
Miguel Ángel Torralba1
, José María Padullés2
, Marcelo Braz Vieira3
y Helena Olson4
1
Miguel Ángel Torralba. Doctor en Ciencias de la Educación. Profesor titular de la Universidad de
Barcelona. torralba@ub.edu
2
José María Padullés. Doctor por la Universidad de Barcelona. Profesor titular del INEFC-Barcelona.
jpadulles@gencat.cat
3
Marcelo Braz Vieira. Doctorando en Actividad Física, Educación Física y Deporte en la Universidad de
Barcelona. marcelobraz@ub.edu
4
Helena Olson. Licenciada en Ciencias de la Actividad Física. Profesora asociada de la Universidad de
Barcelona. helenajosefinolsson@hotmail.com
Código UNESCO: 240604 Biomecánica
Clasificación Consejo de Europa: 3 Biomecánica
FINANCIACIÓN
Este estudio conto con la financiación de la Universidad de Barcelona y el Instituto Nacional de Educación
Física de Cataluña (INEFC).
Recibido el: 1/9/2014
Aceptado el: 16/12/2014
RESUMEN
El presente estudio buscó identificar las diferencias que se observan en las carreras de
velocidad realizadas por atletas con discapacidad visual. Para ello se recogieron los
datos de 39 atletas ciegos de 24 países que participaron en los 100 metros de los
Juegos Paralímpicos en Beijing 2008. Los datos extraídos permiten valorar el tiempo de
carrera(s), velocidad media (m/s), número de pasos, frecuencia media (Hz), tiempo
medio de paso(s) y amplitud media de paso (m), realizando un estudio comparativo con
personas sin discapacidad. Se recogieron las grabaciones del Centro de audiovisuales
del Comité Paralímpico en Beijing (DVD), siendo los datos tratados con el paquete
estadístico SPSS (21.0). Entre los resultados, destacar la importancia que tienen la
longitud de paso y la frecuencia, donde los atletas ciegos muestran un resultado inferior
en el primer parámetro, resaltando como muy positivo la casi nula diferencia existente
en la reacción de la salida de tacos.
ABSTRACT
The present study aimed to identify differences observed in the sprints races performed
by visually impaired athletes. Data were collected from 39 blind athletes from 24
countries participated in the 100 meters Paralympic Games in Beijing 2008. The
extracted data allow to assess race time (s), average speed (m/s), number of steps,
average frequency (Hz), mean of step time (s) and mean of the step amplitude (m),
making a comparative study with non-disabled. Recordings of the audio-visual center of
Beijing Paralympic Committee (DVD) were collected, and data was processed with
SPSS (21.0). Among the results, highlight the importance of stride length and frequency,
where the blind athletes show lower results in the first parameter, highlighting a very
positive almost no difference in the reaction of output blocks.
Rev. Ib. CC. Act. Fís. Dep. 18
la carrera de 100 m, de los atletas
con discapacidad visual, categoría
ciegos (T11), con el objeto de
valorar las variables de tiempo de
reacción (s), tiempo de carrera (s),
velocidad media (m/s), número de
pasos, frecuencia media (Hz),
tiempo medio de paso (s) y amplitud
media de paso (m), teniendo en
cuenta la categoría y sexo de los
participantes. Se extrajo la media de
todas las variables y la desviación
estándar (DE), así como la mínima
han participado en los JJPP, debido
a que es una muestra muy
representativa del atletismo
mundial, ya que participaron 23
países, en la competición más
característica del deporte adaptado.
En las tablas 2 y 3 se puede
verificar los datos medios generales
de las series clasificatorias
masculinas y femeninas.
Tabla 2. Datos generales de la fase clasificatoria masculina
Marca
(s)
Vel.
Media
(m/s)
T.
reac.
(s)
T.
carrera
(s)
Nº
Pasos
Vel.
Media
real
(m/s)
Frec.
Media
(Hz)
T.
Medio
paso
(s)
Ampl.
Media.
paso
(m)
N 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23
Mínimo 11,19 8,07 0,14 10,96 47,5 8,16 4,08 0,21 1,80
Máximo 12,39 8,94 0,23 12,26 55,5 9,12 4,76 0,25 2,11
Media 11,77 8,50 0,19 11,58 51,2 8,65 4,43 0,23 1,95
DE 0,32 0,23 0,02 0,33 1,7 0,25 0,18 0,01 0,06
La carrera de velocidad en personas con
discapacidad visual
Miguel Ángel Torralba et al.
Tabla 3. Datos generales de la fase clasificatoria femenina
Marca
(s)
Vel.
Media
(m/s)
T.
reac.
(s)
T.
carrera
(s)
Nº
Pasos
Vel.
Media
real
(m/s)
Frec.
Media
(Hz)
T.
Medio
paso
(s)
Ampl.
Media.
paso
(m)
N 10 10 4 10 8 10 8 8 8
Mínimo 12,41 7,14 0,19 12,17 53,5 7,14 4,26 0,22 1,72
Máximo 14,00 8,06 0,45 14,00 58,3 8,22 4,45 0,24 1,87
Media 13,12 7,63 0,28 13,01 55,8 7,70 4,35 0,23 1,79
DE 0,45 0,26 0,11 0,54 1,5 0,32 0,08 0,00 0,05
En la tabla 4 se indican los datos
referentes a las finales A y B de los
JJPP de Beijing en la categoría T11
masculina. El resultado de la
estudio de Ferro(29)
en el que indica
que la fase de vuelo es más corta
en los atletas ciegos que en los
atletas sin discapacidad que utilizó
Olympic
41-49 Steeps
RT 0,16
Olympic
47-51 Steeps
RT 0,17
51. In review: POWER AND SPEED
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BRAZILIAN
PARALYMPIC SPRINTERS WITH
VISUAL IMPAIRMENT AND GUIDES: A
PILOT STUDY
Figure 1. Comparisons of the velocities in 10 m between
AVI and guide athletes.
ES = 2.1 (Large), P < 0.05.
Figure 2. Comparisons of the velocities in 50 m
between AVI and guide athletes.
ES = 1.7 (Large), P < 0.05.
Panel A individual comparisons.
Panel B means of the groups and the
magnitude of the difference (%), between
parentheses are presented the 95%
confidence interval of difference
52. Isokinetics
and Speed
192,2
98,9
251,3*
130,0* 142,7
90,4
181,6*
118,0* 119,1
91,2
148,5*
112,6*
R Extensor R Flexor R Extensor R Flexor
ATHLETES GUIDES
Peak Torque
60°/s 180°/s 300°/s
6,09
7,99 8,54
6,39
8,93* 9,69*
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
10m 30m 50m
Speed
Distance
SPEED
VI G
Athletes with Visual Impairment
R. Extensor
60°/s
R. Extensor
180°/s
R. Extensor
300°/s
0-10 m 0,423 0,386 0,374
10-30 m 0,786* 0,752* 0,721*
30-50 m 0,792* 0,776* 0,731*
BARROS, R.A. ; Winckler, C. ; LOTURCO, I. . Analysis of Relationship between Strength and Speed in
Athletes with Visual Impairment and Guides Participants of Athletics Brazil Paralympic Team. In:
VISTA 2013 'Equipment and Technology in Paralympic Sports', 2013, Bonn. VISTA2013 Scientific
Conference Booklet. Bonn, 2013. v. 1. p. 81-83.
53.
54.
55. The stride length and
arm swing of blind
athletes and their
guides change in the
side connected
Torralba et al, 2007
56.
57.
58. SILVA, M. P. M. E. ; BARROS, R.A. ; Winckler, C. ; Miranda, A.J. . Evaluation of Muscle
Imbalances and the Relationship with Sport Injuries in Athletes with Visual
Impairment and their Guides. In: VISTA 2013 'Equipment and Technology in
Paralympic Sports', 2013, Bonn. VISTA2013 Scientific Conference Booklet. Bonn, 2013.
v. 1. p. 99-101.
59. ORIGINAL RESEARCH
published: 06 November 2015
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00323
Edited by:
Thomas Janssen,
VU University Amsterdam,
Netherlands
Reviewed by:
Naoto Fujii,
University of Ottawa, Canada
Alvaro N. Gurovich,
Indiana State University, USA
*Correspondence:
Irineu Loturco
irineu.loturco@terra.com.br
Specialty section:
This article was submitted to
Exercise Physiology,
a section of the journal
Frontiers in Physiology
Received: 28 August 2015
Accepted: 26 October 2015
Published: 06 November 2015
Citation:
Loturco I, Winckler C, Kobal R, Cal
Abad CC, Kitamura K, Veríssimo AW,
Pereira LA and Nakamura FY (2015)
Performance changes and relationship
between vertical jump measures and
actual sprint performance in elite
sprinters with visual impairment
throughout a Parapan American
games training season.
Front. Physiol. 6:323.
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00323
Performance changes and
relationship between vertical jump
measures and actual sprint
performance in elite sprinters with
visual impairment throughout a
Parapan American games training
season
Irineu Loturco1
*, Ciro Winckler2
, Ronaldo Kobal1
, Cesar C. Cal Abad1
, Katia Kitamura1
,
Amaury W. Veríssimo2
, Lucas A. Pereira1
and Fábio Y. Nakamura1, 3
1
Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil, 2
Brazilian Paralympic Committee, Brasília, Brazil, 3
Department of
Physical Education, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
The aims of this study were to estimate the magnitude of variability and progression in
actual competitive and field vertical jump test performances in elite Paralympic sprinters
with visual impairment in the year leading up to the 2015 Parapan American Games,
and to investigate the relationships between loaded and unloaded vertical jumping
test results and actual competitive sprinting performance. Fifteen Brazilian Paralympic
sprinters with visual impairment attended seven official competitions (four national, two
international and the Parapan American Games 2015) between April 2014 and August
2015, in the 100- and 200-m dash. In addition, they were tested in five different periods
using loaded (mean propulsive power [MPP] in jump squat [JS] exercise) and unloaded
(squat jump [SJ] height) vertical jumps within the 3 weeks immediately prior to the main
competitions. The smallest important effect on performances was calculated as half
of the within-athlete race-to-race (or test-to-test) variability and a multiple regression
analysis was performed to predict the 100- and 200-m dash performances using the
vertical jump test results. Competitive performance was enhanced during the Parapan
American Games in comparison to the previous competition averages, overcoming the
smallest worthwhile enhancement in both the 100- (0.9%) and 200-m dash (1.43%). In
addition, The SJ and JS explained 66% of the performance variance in the competitive
results. This study showed that vertical jump tests, in loaded and unloaded conditions,
could be good predictors of the athletes’ sprinting performance, and that during the
Parapan American Games the Brazilian team reached its peak competitive performance.
Keywords: Paralympics, track and field, muscle power, physical disability, blind athletes
60. Table 1. Predictions of 100- and 200-m dash performances using multiple regression analysis.451
452
453
TABLE 1454
455
Table 1. Predictions of 100- and 200-m dash performances using multiple regression analysis.456
457
R2 Equation
100-m 0.66* y = 15.558 - (0.063 x SJ) - (0.061 x JS)
200-m 0.66* y = 32.918 - (0.167 x SJ) - (0.098 x JS)
458
Note: SJ = squat jump; JS = jump squat; P < 0.01.459
Loturco et al. Performance of Paralympic sprinters
FIGURE 3 | Linear regression between 100 (A,C) and 200-m (B,D) dash performances and the squat jump (SJ) height and relative mean propulsive
power (MPP REL) in the jump squat (JS) exercise; *P < 0.01.
regression models have increased only (on average) ∼1.2% of
the explained variance between dependent (actual sprint times)
and independent variables (SJ and JS), we considered relevant
TABLE 2 | Predictions of 100- and 200-m dash performances using
multiple regression analysis.
R2 Equation
61. Practical Impact
• Athletes with similar anthropometric
• Modification of the side of the race
• Training Rotine for the guide and for
the athlete
67. Running
Economy
Evaluation on the Track
VI SD Guide SD p
HR max 169,78 10,80 169,69 13,10 0,60
VO2 max mL/kg/
min
42,31 7,56 43,30 4,22 0,91
VO2 max L/min 2,85 0,64 3,33 0,37 0,02
68. Running Economy
Running economy is
typically defined as
the energy demanded
for a given velocity of
submaximal running,
and is determined by
measuring the steady-
state consumption of
oxygen (VO2)
Saunders, et al 2004
69. The results show RE is higher
than those found by long
distance athletes using similar
speed (Guglielmo, Coelho, &
Sergio, 2005, Saunders et al.,
2004) and those found using
the higher speeds used in this
study (Guglielmo , Greco,
& Denadai, 2009; Nummela,
Keränen, & Mikkelsson,
2007).
70. Impact in RE
•A d j u s t m e n t s o f
stride length
• Guide needs to
p a s s v e r b a l
information
•Increased demand
of attention to race
with the blind on
treadmill
71. Guide's Demand
The higher O2
consumption
of the guides indicates the
need of more attention to
training with these athletes
as there is higher energy
expenditure during the
training and competition
when performing guidance
of the blind athlete.