A presentation by Prof.Muhajir utomo

1. 5/27/2010
Below-
Below-Ground Biodiversity Problems of Indonesian Agriculture
under Long-term No-tillage
Long- No-
Cereal-
Cereal-Legume Rotation in Sumatra, Indonesia* Mostly unfertile and acid
soil
Prone to erosion and
nutrient loss during wet
season
Drought during dry
season
Requires high external
inputs
About 70% farmers in
Indonesia are poor
M. Utomo, A. Niswati, S. Yusnaini and F.X. Susilo Need sustainable
University of Lampung, Indonesia agricultural practices
*CSM-BGBD CLOSING CONFERENCE, NAIROBI, MAY 17-21, 2010
(No-tillage, etc.)
Why No-tillage? Why No-tillage in
Indonesia? (2)
No-tillage is one of few
In Indonesia, no-tillage
revolution in Agriculture successfully practiced
that has great impact on by farmers since
y
agriculture worldwide
i lt ld id 1990’s
(Triplett and Dick, 2008). Practiced in the area
No-tillage is conservation with lack of labor and
tillage (>25% mulch) which larger landownership
can improve soil quality, such Sumatra, Borneo
reduce GHG emission, and and Celebes
increase farmer revenues Mostly practiced by
farmer’s corn, upland
rice, soybean and
estate crops
Material and Method
Material and Method (2)
Site Characteristics
Initiated in February, 1987; Method and Analysis
at Politeknik Negeri
Lampung, Indonesia (105o The experiment was a factorial,
13’E, 05o21’S), 155 from sea
13 E, 21 S), RCBD, with 4 reps
Tillage: NT=no-tillage, MT=
level minimum tillage, CT= conventional
Typic Fragiudult with slope tillage
6-9% N rate: 0, 100, 200 kg N ha-1
Samples were taken in 2001, 2008
1987 (initial) C 16.0 and N 2.0 and 2009 for earthworm, in 2006
gkg-1 pH H2O 6.8 and for VAM; and 2009 for arthopod
pH KCl 5.8; Statistical analysis SAS at LSD
0.05
Bulk density 0.90 Mg M-3 Cropping pattern: Cereal-legume
rotation
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2. 5/27/2010
Rainfall and Cropping Patterns of the Long-term Endomycorrhiza Before Planting (Upland Rice)
No-tillage Research in Lampung (1987- present) (After 19 years, 2006)
Effect of tillage and N fertilizer on MVA spores
before planting
After 19 yr (2006),
NT with no N
70
fertilizer had VAM a
60
spore higher than
Fallow MT and CT had the 50
b b b
M V A s p o re s
b b CT
lowest VAM 40 b
MT
b
30
How ever, NT with NT
20 c
Corn N fertilizer had the
Soybean same effect with 10
Upland rice
MT and CT 0
0 kg N/ha 100 kg N/ha 200 kg N/ha
N fertilizer rate
Endomycorrhiza Before Flowering (Upland Rice) Endomycorrhiza (Upland Rice): Diversity Index
(After 19 years, 2006) (After 19 years, 2006)
Effect of tillage and N fertilizer on MVA spores Effect of tillage on MVA diversity index (P>0.05)
before flowering
Before flowering, Both before
0,7 planting and
effect of NT on VAM 45
40 a before
was much stronger g a 0,6
35 b flowering,
than before planting ab
D iv e r s it y in d e x
30 0,5
M V A s p o re s
After 19 yr (2006), NT 25 b
b b
ab b
CT CT effect of NT on
MT 0,4 VAM index was
with no N fertilizer 20 MT
and 200 kg N/ha had 15 NT 0,3 similar to MT
10 NT and CT
VAM spore higher 5
0,2
than MT but the same 0 0,1
as CT 0 kg N/ha 100 kg N/ha 200 kg N/ha
0
N fertilizer rate
Before planting Before flow ering
Earthworm Abundance Earthworm Abundance and
(2001 and 2008) Biomass (2009)
Earthworm abundance
Effect of long-term tillage on earthworm population
Earthworms have impact (P > 0.05) Earthworm biomass
(P < 0.01)
180
on soil quality
167
160 With plant residues , NT
a
140 create conducive habitat
120
101 100 After 14 yr (2001), NT had
in d iv /m 2
100 101 indi. m-2 (46%>CT,
80 69 73 kg
39%>MT=CT)
60 b
40 28
After 21 yr (2008), NT had
20
100 ind. m-2 (251%>CT,
0 but 40%<MT)
2001 2008 N fertilizer and inter # different to results of 201 and 2008
CT MT NT action treatments had no
significant effect
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3. 5/27/2010
Arthropod Abundance (2009)
Corn Production-Earthworm 250
Biomass Correlation (2009) 200 Artropod abundance Spirobolida
Aranea
3%
Thysanura
0%
(P < 0.01) 0% Dermaptera
Lepidoptera
-1
0%
150 0% Isoptera
# pitfall
Orthoptera 0%
3%
100
50
Coleoptera
Hymenoptera 1%
25%
Full-tillage Minimum-tillage No-tillage
r = 0.451
P < 0.01 Acari abundance Acari
49%
(P < 0.01)
Collembola
18%
Hemiptera
0%
Diptera
1%
*Corn yield: ns
With plant residues, NT create
Arthropod Diversity (2009) conducive habitat
Arthropod diversity
(P > 0.05)
The present of plant
residues,
residues better
microclimate (soil
temperature and soil
moisture) for biota
Increase food supply
and mulch protection
Conclusions
1. Long-term continuous no-tillage
corn-legume rotation in Indonesia
has potentially to increase BGBD
2. In general long-term no tillage
g g g
promotes VAM, earthworm and
arthropod abundances in cereal-
legume rotation fields.
3. Diversity indices of BGBD under
long-term no-tillage how ever, are
still not different from conventional
tillage
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