2. Remember the Big Picture
๏ฎ Manage DM in the context of reducing MI
and CVA
๏ฎ Donโt forget other comorbidities
๏ฎ HTN -- goal BP 130/80 or less
๏ฎ Dyslipidemia โ goal LDL 70-100
๏ฎ
Obesity โ Goal wt. loss 2 kg/month
๏ฎ Remember blood glucose as one risk factor
among many contributing to microvascular
and macrovascular disease
๏ฎ Goal HgA1c < 7.0
3. Management Impaired
Glucose Tolerance
๏ฎ Diabetes Prevention Trial
๏ฎ NIH sponsored 5 year study completed
2003
๏ฎ Designed to test strategies for reducing
progression of IGT to DM
๏ฎ
Oral agent โ metformin
๏ฎ Lifestyle modification
๏ฎ Placebo
4. Diabetes Prevention Trial
๏ฎ Lifestyle Intervention group
๏ฎ Achieve and maintain 7% wt. loss
๏ฎ 150 minutes exercise per week
๏ฎ Diet and exercise education
๏ฎ 16 one on one sessions
๏ฎ Monthly group sessions
5. Metformin Group
๏ฎ Metformin 850 mg QD X 1 month, then
BID
๏ฎ Lifestyle recommendations
๏ฎ 20-30 session with handouts
๏ฎ Food Pyramid
๏ฎ Encourage โmore exerciseโ
7. Results
๏ฎ Metformin reduced progression by 31%
๏ฎ Intensive Lifestyle Modification reduced
progression by 58%
๏ฎ Weight loss
๏ฎ Placebo 0.1 kg
๏ฎ Metformin 2.1 kg
๏ฎ Lifestyle 5.6 kg
8. Management IGT
๏ฎ Educate patient as much as possible of the
benefits of intensive lifestyle modification
๏ฎ Exercise 150 min/wk
๏ฎ Low calorie, low fat diet
๏ฎ Goal weight loss at leas 7%
๏ฎ May consider metformin if high clinical
suspicion that pt will develop DM
๏ฎ Monitor glucose tolerance at least yearly to
catch DM early
9. Therapy For DM Type 2
Treatment 1999-2000
Diet Only 20.2
Insulin Only 16.4
Oral Agents Only 52.5
Orals and Insulin 11.0
10. Oral Medications
๏ฎ Biguinides (metformin, glucophage)
๏ฎ Primarily reduce hepatic glucose production
๏ฎ Also sensitize tissues to insulin
๏ฎ Average change in FBS 60-70, HgA1c 1.0 -2.0
๏ฎ Causes modest weight loss
๏ฎ Best evidence at preventing macrovascular
complications
๏ฎ No hypoglycemia
๏ฎ FIRST CHOICE if renal function ok
๏ฎ GI side effects
๏ฎ Hold if creatinine >1.5
11. ๏ฎ Sulfonylureas (glibenclimide, glyburide,
chlorpropramide)
๏ฎ Primarily function to stimulate the pancreas
to produce more insulin
๏ฎ Change in FBS 60-70, HgA1c 1.0-2.0
๏ฎ Readily available
๏ฎ Inexpensive
๏ฎ Can cause hypoglycemia, mild weight gain
๏ฎ Choose short-acting over long-acting
12. ๏ฎ Thiazolidinediones (rosiglitazone,
pioglitazone)
๏ฎ Primarily sensitize tissues to insulin
๏ฎ Reduce hepatic glucose production
๏ฎ Reduce FBS 35-40, HgbA1c 0.5-1
๏ฎ 6 weeks to see maximum effects
๏ฎ Caution in CHF โ contraindicated class III or IV
๏ฎ May cause edema
๏ฎ Can potentiate hypoglycemia if taken with insulin
or sulfonylureas
๏ฎ Expensive
13. ๏ฎ Meglitinides (repaglinide, nateglinide)
๏ฎ Stimulate insulin release in the presence of
glucose
๏ฎ Reduces post-prandial glucose
๏ฎ Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (acarbose)
๏ฎ Block enzymes that dissolve starches in
the small intestine
14. New Medicines
๏ฎ Sitagliptin (Januvia)
๏ฎ Causes more insulin to be secreted in
response to eating
๏ฎ Less hypoglycemia
๏ฎ Byetta (exanatide)
๏ฎ Incretin mimetic โ increased insulin
production related to glucose load
๏ฎ Twice a day injection
๏ฎ More for weight loss
15.
16. Insulin Therapy
๏ฎ Most Type 2 diabetics will eventually
have reduced insulin production
๏ฎ If patient is not well controlled on 2 or
more oral agents, should consider
starting insulin
๏ฎ Nearly all Type 2 diabetics will
eventually require insulin
17. Insulin Therapy
๏ฎ If available, consider long acting
(glargine) insulin at bedtime or at AM
๏ฎ Consider NPH if glargine not available
๏ฎ Start with low dose (10 units glargine, 5
units NPH) and slowly increase as
tolerated
๏ฎ May need to reduce or discontinue
some orals (sulfonylureas, TZD)
19. ๏ฎ Look for a reason to add an ACE
inhibitor
๏ฎ Reduces diabetic nephropathy
๏ฎ Look for a reason to add a statin
๏ฎ Lowers cardiovascular and all cause
mortality
20. Summary of Treatment
Diagnosis
Lifestyle Modification
Oral Monotherapy
Oral Combination Therapy
Combination Oral and Insulin
21. Case
๏ฎ Ahmed is a 54 yr old Somali male who comes
to see you complaining of fatigue and
increased thirst. What other history would
you like to ask?
๏ฎ Past medical hx โ HTN, CVD, dyslipidemia, AAA
๏ฎ Family history โ CAD, CVD, DM
๏ฎ Smoking history
๏ฎ Activity history
๏ฎ Symptoms โ polyuria, wt loss, wt gain, blurry
vision
22. ๏ฎ Ahmed also has HTN and is taking a-
methylopa. BP is 140/90. Lipids unkown.
He complains of blurry vision. His father died
of MI at age 55. What physical exam would
you like to focus on?
๏ฎ Dilated retinal exam โ microaneurysms, blot
hemorrhages, hard-exudates, cotton-wool spots
(retinal infarcts), A-V knicking
๏ฎ Monofilament exam
๏ฎ Heart and lungs
23. ๏ฎ Exam reveals decreased sensation with
monofilament exam, A-V knicking, and one
cotton wool spot. What lab would you like to
order next?
๏ฎ RBS
๏ฎ OGTT
๏ฎ Creatinine
๏ฎ Lipids (if available)
๏ฎ Glycosylated hemoglobin
24. ๏ฎ RBS is 190.
๏ฎ OGTT reveals fasting glucose 132, 2 hour
glucose 210 โ HgbA1c 8.7
๏ฎ Creatinine 1.3
๏ฎ LDL 158
๏ฎ How would you like to manage the patient
next?
๏ฎ Metformin
๏ฎ Enalapril
๏ฎ Lovastatin
25. ๏ฎ When would you like to see the patient
back?
๏ฎ What would you like the patient to bring
with him if possible?
๏ฎ Diet log
๏ฎ Glucose log
๏ฎ BP log
๏ฎ What labs would you like to check?
๏ฎ RBS
๏ฎ Creatinine
26. ๏ฎ RBS is 155, creatinine is 1.3, BP is 130/80
๏ฎ When would you like to see him back?
๏ฎ What labs would you like to order?
๏ฎ RBS
๏ฎ Creatinine
๏ฎ SGOT
๏ฎ Lipids
๏ฎ Glycosylated hemoglobin