The document discusses several topics related to public administration: 1) It discusses the pros and cons of the politics-administration dichotomy proposed by Woodrow Wilson, noting that government can implement laws without votes which promotes centralized bureaucracy. 2) It discusses how the issue of illegal immigration demonstrates intergovernmental relations challenges in the US due to conflicting perspectives on jobs and economics. 3) It outlines four perspectives on public budgeting: political, economic, accounting, and public management. Budgets are policy tools that can describe resource allocation and implementation.

1. Explain the pros and cons of the politics
Explain the pros and cons of the politics- administration dichotomy as espoused by
Woodrow Wilson The disadvantage to this is government can implement laws without
votes. An example, the government bailing out big businesses when they dwindle their
funds and are going bankrupt. It is US policy to bailout the biggest American companies
responsible for transportation-airliners, petrol companies, etc-from failure through
subsidies and low-interest loans. But some emergency type bailouts are controversial. I see
it as away to pass the buck sort of speak to the taxpayers. The law that gets passed as to
how they get bailed out does not come from the people. It promotes centralized
bureaucracy because it allows the government powers to choose the terms of the bailout.
Mismanagement caused by the companies should not be a reason for a bailout. The Chrysler
Corporation has been bailed out by the government twice. Certain ailments should be put in
place to protect Americans from this when companies are at risk and people should have a
say on who and why on the bailouts. HTML Editor2. Why is the issue of illegal immigration a
good example of the intergovernmental relations mess in the US The issue of illegal
imigration is a good example because this involves jobs and money. Right wing scared cats
think: “ very little. And a major cause of unemployment is that the jobs are not there
because employers know that they can pay them minimum wage and since they are in the
us illegal they cant even ask for a raise for fear of loosing there jobs.people Wake up remove
illegal people from usa stop giving other countries our tax dollars and stop spending money
on things that are not necessary.There are over 300 million people in the US and over 36
million people here Illegal.Thats a major problem for Unemployment. Also remove any
congressman or woman that does not address these issues to fix them.” Widespread
xenophobia was one of the causes of the jewish persecution and holocaust but xenophobes
like the author above probably think that history lesson does not apply to him. The common
xenophobe has very little knowledge of the people he fears so much, but he makes up for
that by making assumptions that are always biased with his fears. He never intended to
apply for the jobs he claims foreigners are ‘ stealing’ from him, neither does he see that the
real bad guy is the employer in the above story (follow the money). One could try to educate
such xenophobes, but it is much more effective to force them to do the work that is done by
his beloved ‘ illegals’ right now. HTML Editor3. Discuss the various uses of public budget
The authors Robert W. Smith and Thomas D. Lynch describe public budgeting through four
perspectives. The politician sees the budget process as “ a political event conducted in the
political arena for political advantage” .[1] The economist views budgeting as a matter of

2. allocating resources in terms of opportunity cost where allocating resources to one
consumer takes resources away from another consumer.[2] The role of the economist,
therefore, is to provide decision makers with the best possible information. The accountant
perspective focuses on the accountability value in budgeting which analyzes the amount
budgeted to the actual expenditures thereby describing the “ wisdom of the original
policy” .[3] Smith and Lynch’ s public manager’ s perspective on a budget is a policy tool to
describe the implementation of public policy. Further, they develop an operational
definition: Types of Public BudgetsOperating budgets are those documents that describe the
expenditures and revenues during a given period for the functioning of an organization.
Capital budgeting is the process of planning for future purchases above a certain cost
threshold or extended life span. This budget is typically accompanied by a Capital
Improvement Plan that describes a timeline for acquisition and payment of debt. HTML
Editor4. Explain how the public budget could be political The answer to this is very simple,
the politicians all have their own agendas, when it comes to distributing the money. This
where it gets political, HTML Editor5. How does administrative responsibility contribute to
the attainment of public interest You’ ve seen what happens to the public health, safety, and
welfare when administrative irresponsibility is ascendant. As long as the politicians tell us
what we want to hear, that we are great and exceptional and every thing we are doing is
contributing to our greatness and exceptionalism by creating more wealth with less taxes
and less government regulation for everybody, when the reality is otherwise, then we are
doomed to a slide from mediocrity to inferiority and then irrelevance. Not my idea of the
American dream. More like the American nightmare. The Great Recession was the tip of the
iceberg. Next commercial real estate will implode, the value of real estate will continue to
decline and more and more people will be delinquent in paying even the lower real estate
taxes. Without an adequate flow of real estate taxes, the municipalities will default on their
bonds, the private funds and pension funds invested in them will go bankrupt, and all of this
will be blamed on the state, county, and municipal employees whose unions negotiated
them a fair deal with fair wages and fair benefits. This is not the future I worked for or
invested in, but its the hand I’ m being dealt, unless we can elect leaders that will get the
financiers and health care system under control, which is where the real problem lies, and
stop picking on the working class, where the problem isn’ t. HTML Editor6. Discuss the
importance of administrative communication to public decision making and performance
Public administration houses the implementation of government policy and an academic
discipline that studies this implementation and that prepares civil servants for this work.[1]
As a “ field of inquiry with a diverse scope” its “ fundamental goal…is to advance
management and policies so that government can function.” [2] Some of the various
definitions which have been offered for the term are: “ the management of public
programs” ;[3] the “ translation of politics into the reality that citizens see every day” ;[4]
and “ the study of government decision making, the analysis of the policies themselves, the
various inputs that have produced them, and the inputs necessary to produce alternative
policies.” [5] Public administration is “ centrally concerned with the organization of
government policies and programmes as well as the behavior of officials (usually non-
elected) formally responsible for their conduct” [6] Many unelected public servants can be

3. considered to be public administrators, including police officers, municipal budget analysts,
HR benefits administrators, city managers, Census analysts, and cabinet secretaries HTML
Editor7. Discuss the benefits and weakness of bureaucratic discretion to public sector
management HTML Editor8. Explain the politics of administrative reforms HTML Editor9.
Explain how ethical choices influence the decision making and performance of public
administrators in recent times HTML Editor10. From what you have learnt so far, briefly
explain the key responsibilities of public administrators and the best way of meeting the
responsibilities. HTML Editor