how to do business in Turkey?
Investors' guide
November 2014

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Table of contents
1. Turkey in general 1
1.1 Geographic, political and economic background
1.2 Current political administration and government structure
1.3 Currency
1.4 Population
1.5 E-Government in Turkey
1.6 International relations
1.7 Turkey’s Free Trade Agreements (FTAs)
2. Turkish economy 5
2.1 Main economic indicators
2.2 International trade
2.3 Foreign direct investment
2.4 Public-Private Partnership (PPP)
2.5 Privatization in Turkey
3. Industrial and service outlook 13
3.1 Transportation and defense
3.2 Automotive
3.3 Financial services
3.4 Consumer business
3.5 Energy & Resources
3.6 Life sciences and health care
3.7 Construction
3.8 Telecommunication and information technology (IT)
3.9 Tourism
4. Incentives and financing 31
4.1. Types of incentives available
4.2 Investment incentives
4.3 Export oriented incentives
4.4 Other tax / non-tax incentives
5. Business regulations and requirements 51
5.1 Foreign investment rules
5.2 Foreign trade
5.3 Registration and licensing
5.4 Price controls and competition law
5.5 Exchange controls
5.6 Accounting principles and statutory books
5.7 Independent audit requirement
6. E-transformation 61
6.1. E-invoice
6.2. E-ledger
6.3. E-archiving
6.4. Record keeping requirements and procedures
7. Major highlights of the New Turkish Commercial Code 65
7.1 Enterprise law
7.2 Company law
8. Employment law and practice 79
8.1 Employees’ rights and remuneration
8.2 Social security and unemployment insurance payments
8.3 Termination of employment
8.4 Labor management relations
8.5 Employment of foreign individuals
9. Choice of business entity 87
9.1 Principal forms
9.2 General rules for establishment of companies by foreign shareholders
9.3 Corporations
9.4 Limited liability companies
9.5 Branches
9.6 Partnerships
9.7 Joint ventures
9.8 Liaison offices
9.9 Mergers, acquisitions, conversions, de-mergers, share swaps

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10. Corporate income taxation 95
10.1 Entities liable for corporate income tax
10.2 Residence and non-residence
10.3 Taxable income
10.4 Corporate income tax rates
10.5 Dividend withholding tax
10.6 Treatment of losses
10.7 Participation exemption
10.8 Capital gains taxation
10.9 Controlled foreign companies
10.10 Transfer pricing
10.11 Cost sharing / cost allocations
10.12 Anti-tax haven rules
10.13 Thin capitalization rules
10.14 Restriction on the deduction of the financial expenses
10.15 Taxation of branches of foreign companies
10.16 Taxation of foreign funds
10.17 Incentives for Venture Capital Investment Funds
10.18 Liquidation
10.19 Assessments, payments and tax audits
11. Individual income taxation 105
11.1 Residence and non-residence
11.2 Taxable income
11.3 Individual income tax rates
11.4 Assessments and payments
11.5 Tax incentives for business angels
12. Withholding taxes and double tax relief 109
12.1 Major withholding tax rates
12.2 Double tax treaty relief
12.3 Unilateral relief
12.4 Tax information exchange agreements
13. Other taxes 113
13.1 Value added tax
13.2 Special consumption tax
13.3 Property tax
13.4 Inheritance and transfer tax
13.5 Stamp tax
13.6 Motor vehicle tax
13. 7 Bank and insurance transaction tax
13.8 Special communication tax
14. How can Deloitte help? 119
15. Foreign Economic Relations Board of Turkey (DEİK) 125
Appendix 1: Useful links and addresses 127
Appendix 2: List of tables & graphs 129

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Message of the president
It is my great pleasure to introduce this “Investors’ Guide”, written in
collaboration with Deloitte. With this guide it is intended to introduce Turkey
to the global business community and to provide key information about
the current economic outlook, investment climate, and general business
framework of our country.
The global business community is facing a new Turkey, new in the sense
that the country has been undergoing a structural transformation for the
last 3 decades. The results of this transformation have been significant and
promising; Turkey became the 17th largest economy in the World and 6th
largest economy in Europe. Turkey has the largest free market economy and
is the biggest industrial power among countries situated between Italy and
China.
As a country which is well integrated into the European market by way of
the customs union, Turkish companies possess a high level of expertise and
competitive power in production, export and investment related activities.
They have also accessed and established their presence in other rising
economic regions, such as the Middle East, Gulf Countries, Africa, CIS and the
Asia-Pacific. With its transcontinental position, Turkey is an ideal investment
destination between Asia, the center of global growth, and the Euro Zone,
the largest single market.
With its growth performance, Turkey is one of the growth engines of the
newly emerging multi-polar global system. Istanbul is not only the business
center of the region, it is the center of global diplomacy, a major transport
hub, as well as a busy cultural and tourism destination. It is also rapidly
building its technological and financial infrastructure in order to become a
global financial center.
Having such a transcontinental position in the global market place, more and
more multinational companies are establishing their headquarters in Istanbul,
not only because of Turkey’s huge domestic market, but also for the purpose
of easy access to the region. More than 30,000 foreign enterprises operate
in Turkey to capitalize on the many opportunities the country offers. Thanks
to the economic stability and the government’s business friendly policies, the
volume of global investment in Turkey since 2003 has reached $110 billion.
Ömer Cihad Vardan
President
Foreign Economic Relations Board
of Turkey (DEİK)

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With its young and active population, rising income levels, growing global influence, transport facilities,
consolidated democratic system, dynamic free market economy, and strong growth potential, Turkey
offers abundant business opportunities for global firms in many diverse sectors. Turkey achieved a much
better investment climate in recent years, as a result of effective economic and social policies, internal
political and macroeconomic stability, growth-friendly monetary and fiscal policies, a new commercial
code, new incentive program, and a solid financial system. Turkey can rightly be described as a rising star,
in a rapidly shifting global environment and in a turbulent part of the world.
Turkey is a manufacturing country, a major producer of a diverse range of industrial products. Turkey
exports to more than 200 countries and has a foreign trade volume exceeding 400 billion dollars. Two
thirds of Turkish exports go to the advanced industrial countries of the European Union, North America,
and the OECD. Turkey is one of the major trading partners of the European Union. While Turkey ranks
7th in the EU’s top import and 5th in its export markets, the Union is Turkey’s number one trading partner.
Since 1972, Turkish contractors have undertaken more than 7,371 projects in 103 countries, with a total
value of some $274.1 billion.
Briefly, Turkey, as an emerging power having a foothold in many different regions, is stronger, more
competitive, and enjoys a broader global outreach than many other nations.
We welcome foreign investors and promise them a vital and dynamic environment in which they can
look forward to sharing the opportunities of rapid growth. Companies already well-entrenched in Turkey
will be able to reap the rewards, while late-comers will have missed the opportunities mentioned.
From its establishment till today, Foreign Economic Relations Board (DEİK) has been a trail-blazer in
establishing new links between the Turkish business community and its global counterparts. DEİK plays
the leading role as an intermediary between the Turkish private sector and global business community.
DEİK, with its 119 business councils; local, regional and global network; its professional team, and its
close ties with the public sector, is ready to support and guide your business initiatives in Turkey.
I sincerely hope that this investors’ guide will be instrumental in encouraging business people to take
advantage of the enormous opportunities presented in the Turkish market.
On this occasion, I would like to warmly thank Deloitte for its cooperation and role in preparing this
valuable investors’ guide.

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Foreword
Güler Hülya Yılmaz
Tax Partner
Deloitte Turkey
Once again it is a great pleasure for Deloitte Turkey to cooperate with the
Foreign Economic Relations Board of Turkey (“DEİK”) to contribute to the
development of Turkey’s economic, commercial, industrial and financial
relations with foreign countries and investors as well as international business
organizations and communities. Since its formation, DEİK has been playing a
very important role in achieving the integration of Turkey’s economy into the
global economy. This integration requires development of business relations
with foreign countries and attraction of new foreign direct investments into
Turkey as well as maintaining the investments in Turkey. In this respect, DEİK
acts as a very strong intermediary between the public and private sectors
through its close relations with both sides.
We observe and experience that the Turkish economy has shown
remarkable performance with its steady growth over the last decade. A
sound macroeconomic strategy in combination with prudent fiscal policies
and major structural reforms has integrated the Turkish economy into the
globalized world, while transforming the country into one of the major
recipients of foreign direct investment in its region. The structural reforms
within the framework of Turkey’s EU accession process, have paved the way
for comprehensive changes in a number of areas. The main objectives of
these efforts were to increase the role of the private sector in the Turkish
economy, to enhance the efficiency and resiliency of the financial sector.
As these reforms have strengthened the macroeconomic fundamentals of
the country, the economy grew with an average annual GDP growth rate
of about 5% over the past decade. According to the OECD, annual GDP
growth rate of Turkey is expected to be around 3.2% for the period between
2014-2018 (over the OECD average growth rate same period).
Given the high rate of growth and stability for the last decade as well as
the ambitious targets set by the Government, Turkey offers tremendous
opportunities for foreign investors. Three major opportunities available for
foreign investors planning to invest in Turkey: 1) stable and continuous
growth of the Turkish economy with the goal of becoming one of the top
10 economies in the world, 2) its strategic location with strong historic and
cultural links that would allow investors to access to the whole Middle East
market, 3) favorable demographic distribution of the population with
a very high ratio of young people, leading to a tremendous potential for
demand.

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We closely observe that Turkey is also getting more and more in line with the global business standards
as a result of the economic liberalization policies of the 1980’s followed by harmonization of tax,
investment and business related legislation with the global applications through the enactment of
the new Customs Law in 1999, new Law for Foreign Direct Investment in 2003 as well as the New
Corporate Income Tax Law in 2006, the new Turkish Commercial Code which entered into force
on 1 July 2012 and the new Capital Market Law which entered into force on 30 December 2012.
The New Corporation Tax Law is important since it has introduced rules governing “Disguised Profit
Distribution through Transfer Pricing” for transactions between related parties in line with the
Transfer Pricing Guidelines of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
as well as those rules governing “Controlled Foreign Companies”. Finally, the official publication of
the new Turkish Commercial Code has introduced the use of Turkish accounting standards in line with
the international financial reporting standards (IFRS), audit requirements and a number of new rules
about the establishment, organization and legal operations of different types of legal entities, rights
and obligations of shareholders as well as mergers, de-mergers, conversions, liquidations. Another new
legislative development parallel to the new Turkish Commercial Code has been the enactment of the
new Code of Obligations which entered into force as of 1 July 2012. All these legislative developments in
Turkey in accordance with the global standards are important for foreign investors. It is more and more
important for all foreign investors in today’s global economic environment which has recently faced a
crisis of unknown depth and duration, to very carefully take into consideration and analyze the prevailing
tax and business related regulations when making their investment decisions to assess the inherent risks
and opportunities in initiating, maintaining, developing, restructuring and ceasing their operations in a
particular country.
Once again it is a great pleasure and honor for Deloitte Turkey to closely cooperate with DEİK for
preparation of this investment guide in an attempt to provide foreign investors with a concise tax and
business guide to help them with their investment decisions.
We strongly believe that with the guidance of DEİK as a pioneering organization serving for Turkey’s
integration into the global economic environment, Turkey will gain more and more importance as an
emerging and fast developing country and thus will undertake more and more critical roles that it already
deserves in the global arena.
We hope that the Guide will provide potential and existing investors with an overview of what is possible
when structuring an investment in Turkey and which factors must be considered when deciding whether
to acquire an existing Turkish company.
The information provided in this Guide is not exhaustive and unless otherwise indicated, is based on
the relevant legislation and conditions existing in June 2014. Investors are advised to consult with
professionals, such as independent and certified accountants and consultants as well as legal counsels
before making their investment decisions and/or taking any formal action. Professionals of Deloitte
Turkey would be pleased to provide any support needed in this respect.
Yours sincerely,

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1. Turkey in general
1.1 Geography, political and economic
background
The Republic of Turkey covers about 814,578 km2,
at the junction between Europe and the Middle
East. Turkey is composed of seven geographical
regions: Marmara Region, Black Sea Region,
Mediterranean Region, Eastern Anatolia Region,
Southeastern Anatolia Region, Aegean Region
and Central Anatolian Region. Turkey has coastline
of about 8,000 kilometers. The Anatolian Land
is surrounded by the Black Sea in the North, the
Aegean and Marmara Sea in the West and the
Mediterranean Sea in the South. The capital city is
Ankara, which is located in the Central Anatolian
Region. Turkey’s neighbours are: Greece, Bulgaria,
Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Iran, Iraq and
Syria. Turkey’s geographical coordinates puts its
time scale two hours ahead of “Greenwich Mean
Time” (GMT) and the table below shows the time
differences between Turkey and the major world
cities.
Table 1: City Hours Ahead or Behind Turkey
Berlin -1
Paris -1
Rome -1
London -2
New York -7
Los Angeles -10
Singapore +6
Tokyo +7
Sydney +8
The official language is Turkish, therefore all the
official documents which are to be submitted to
the government authorities must be in Turkish.
English is used as an international language in
trade and business circles. Turkish culture and
economy has strong ties with both the Western
and Eastern countries. Therefore, Turkey's
relations with both sides are very strong and well
established.
Turkey has been a parliamentary democracy since
1923 and is a secular republican parliamentary
democracy based on division of power between
various ruling bodies.
Its unicameral parliament, The Grand National
Assembly of Turkey (TBMM) which includes 550
seats representing the 81 Turkish provinces is
the legislative body. The legal framework of the
Republic is based on the 1982 Constitution. The
Prime Minister is elected by direct elections for
a term of 4 years, while the members of the
Parliament are elected for a 4-year period. The
Republic of Turkey has a tripartite legal system.
Civilian and military jurisdiction is separated.
The main executive body is the Council of
Ministers consisting of a Prime Minister and twenty
five ministers. Independent Courts have the judicial
power. Turkey is a secular state. The freedom of
worship for all religions is protected under the
Constitution.
1.2 Current political administration and
government structure
The current President of the Republic of Turkey
is Recep Tayyip Erdoğan who was elected in
August 2014. The current Prime Minister is Ahmet
Davutoğlu. The next general election will be held
in June 2015.

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1.3 Currency
The domestic currency is the Turkish Lira (TL).
1.4 Population
By the end of 2013, Turkey’s population is
about 76.6 million. Approximately 91.3% of
Turkey’s population lives in cities while 8.7% lives
in suburbs and the process of urbanization is
expected to continue for the foreseeable future.
About 1/3 of the population is concentrated in
Marmara region. The most populated cities of
Turkey are İstanbul (about 14.1 million), Ankara
(about 5 million) and İzmir (about 4 million)1.
The population growth rate, which has decreased
sharply, has grown at a compound annual growth
rate of 1.3% since 2007. The demographers
project the population to increase to 80-85 million
in the next 20 years, while Germany's population,
which is the most populous country in EU, is
expected decrease from 81.8 million (January
2012) to around 80 million by the year 2020.
1.5 E-Government in Turkey
E-government project in Turkey is coordinated
by the Prime Ministry of Turkey and a Public
Committee. After Turkey signed the e-Europe
project which was discussed in European Union
Leaders Conference held in mid-2001, the Prime
Ministry of Turkey gave a start to the project.
MERNIS is one of the big steps of the
e-government project which identifies every
citizen with an identity number, which eases
most operations in social life and state-related
operations. This step has been effective from
November 1, 2006. During the transition period
between 1 November 2006 and 1 January 2007,
both the identity number and the tax number
were used together by the citizens. Since the
beginning of 2007 only identity number is required
for a citizen to identify himself/herself e.g. in tax
offices, university applications, bank operations
and within a short time frame the identity number
will be used in all state related operations.
Not only does this project decrease the red tape
spent in bureaucratic transactions causing loss
of time and money, but it also provides security
for citizens and the State. Turkey finalized the
infrastructure of the main e-government portal
through which all public services could be
accessed and utilized in the beginning of 2010.
1.6 International relations
The Republic of Turkey attaches great importance
in establishing strong and lasting regional and
international ties based on mutual understanding
and cooperation. Turkey actively participates in a
wide range of leading regional and international
organizations such as the United Nations, the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),
Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD), World Trade Organization
(WTO), Economic Cooperation Organization
(ECO), Organization for the Islamic Conference
(OIC), Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC),
International Bank of Reconstruction and
Development (IBRD), International Monetary Fund
(IMF), the Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and
Central Bank Governors (G20 Developing Nations),
and Asian Development Bank.
Turkey is in the EU Customs Union since 1996 and
an EU accession country since October 2005. In
Helsinki European Council Summit in December
10-11, 1999, Turkey was officially recognized
without any precondition as a candidate state
to EU on an equal level with other candidate
states. The Accession Partnership for Turkey was
prepared within the framework of Turkey’s ability
to fulfill the Copenhagen political criteria. In
December 2002, EU declared that if Turkey fulfills
the Copenhagen political criteria, it would open
accession negotiations with Turkey by December
2004. At the European Council on December
16-17 2004, the Council decided to open
accession negotiations on October 3, 2005.
The negotiations are open-ended and are not
expected to finish before ten years. Turkey and
the European Union have launched a dialogue
on visa liberalisation and signed the Readmission
Agreement on December 16, 2013. 1 TurkStat

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1.7 Turkey’s Free Trade Agreements (FTAs)
FTAs play an important role in developing foreign
trade and increasing competition power of the
exporters of the FTA partner countries and increase
the mutual investment. FTAs reduce barriers to
exports and create more stable and transparent
trading environment because goods traded benefit
from the preferences stipulated in the agreements
on the basis of the rules of origin.
Legal structure of Turkey’s free trade agreements
and autonomous preferential regimes are based
on the Customs Union between Turkey and EU,
in which all the existing customs duties, other
duties and measures having equivalent effect are
eliminated and also in which a common customs
tariff is implemented to the third countries. In this
context, Turkey has harmonized its commercial
policy with the EU’s Common Commercial Policy.
However, it does not mean that Turkey should
adopt the identical content of the FTAs signed by
EU. Therefore, while conducting an agreement,
Turkey takes its own priorities regarding industrial
and commercial policy into consideration. The
most important part of the trade policy of Turkey
applied towards third countries is the preferential
trade regime, together with the Common Customs
Tariff.
Turkey has concluded FTAs with 30 countries so
far. 11 of the FTAs were repealed because these
countries joined the EU. Turkey is part of 17 FTAs
in force. These are EFTA, Macedonia, Bosnia-
Herzegovina, Albania, Israel, Palestine, Morocco,
Tunisia, Egypt, Syria, Georgia, Serbia, Montenegro,
Chile, Jordan, South Korea and Mauritius. After the
internal ratification procedures are completed, the
agreements with Lebanon and Kosovo will also be
in effect.
The 14 countries/country blocs that Turkey has
started FTA negotiations are Ukraine, Colombia,
Ecuador, Malaysia, Moldova, Democratic Republic
of Congo, Ghana, Cameroon, Seychelles, Gulf
Cooperation Council, Libya, MERCOSUR, Faroe
Islands and Peru. The 12 countries/country blocs
Turkey has launched initiatives to start negotiations
are the USA, Canada, Japan, Thailand, India,
Indonesia, Vietnam, Central American Countries,
other ACP Countries, Algeria, Mexico and South
Africa.
Between 2000-2012 Turkey’s total exports
increased by 446%, while exports to Turkey’s
FTA partners increased by 551% in the same
period. Export to FTA partners, which was around
2.2 billion dollars in 2000, reached 14.5 billion
dollars in 2012. For the same period, Turkey’s total
imports increased by 340%, but imports from FTA
partners has increased by 280%. Imports from
FTA partners, around 2.8 billion dollars in 2000,
reached 10.7 billion dollars in 2012.
Turkey’s FTA partners have a share of 9.5% in
Turkey’ export markets and a share of 4.5% in
its imports, which constitute a trade surplus of
3.9 billion dollars. There are 7 FTA partners in
Turkey’s top 40 export destinations (Egypt, Israel,
Switzerland, Georgia, Morocco, Lebanon and
Tunisia). Turkey’s FTA exports to Jordan, Egypt and
EFTA countries increased in 2012.

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2. Turkish economy
2.1 Main economic indicators
Its diversified economy, proximity to Europe,
Middle East, North Africa and Eurasia, integration
with European markets, young and vibrant
workforce, crisis-experienced businessmen and
economy management make Turkey one of the
most powerful economies in the region.
Being the commercial center of Southeastern
Europe, Middle East and Eurasia, Turkey is
becoming an increasingly important economic
and diplomatic country in the region. Between
2001 and 2008, before the effects of the financial
crisis started, Turkey's GDP had increased by
277% amounting to US $ 742 billion. Turkey's
GDP reached US $ 820 billion in 2013 and Turkey
ranked 17th in terms of GDP Purchasing Power
Parity (PPP) in the world2.
The Turkish economy has grown steadily since
2001. After the 2001 financial crisis, Turkey made
important structural reforms which have led to
improving of the financial system. Therefore,
Turkey has relatively been less affected by the
global crisis. Also previous crisis experience of
Turkish businessmen and economy officials make
Turkey more resilient to the global financial crisis
today. As a result of this, Turkey was the only
country in 2009, who received two points upgrade
in the credit rating. After a 4.8% decrease in GDP,
Turkey grew 9.2% in 2010. Average growth rate
between 2010 and 2013 was 6%3. On May 16,
2013, Moody’s upgraded Turkey’s government
bond ratings to Baa3 stable outlook from Ba1.
Despite the recent political and economic
developments, both Moody's and Standard &
Poor's changed the credit rating outlook from
stable to negative. However, affirmed Turkey's
ratings at their current levels Baa3 and BB+
respectively.
Table 2: Main Economic Indicators
2.2. International Trade
Table 3: International Trade
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
GDP (billion $/in current prices) 617 732 774 786 820
GDP Growth Rate (%) -4.8 9.2 8.8 2.1 4.0
GDP per Capita (Nom.$) 8,561 10,003 10,428 10,459 10,782
FDI Total Net (billion $) 8.6 9 16.2 13.2 12.8
Unemployment (%) 14.0 11.9 9.8 9.2 9.7
Consumer Price Inflation (%) 6.5 6.4 10.5 6.2 7.4
Export (billion $) 102.1 113.8 134.9 152.4 151.8
Import (billion $) 140.9 185.5 240.8 236.5 251.6
External Debt (billion $) 269.1 291.8 303.8 338.3 388.2
Source: TurkStat, Central Bank of Turkey, Treasury of Turkey
Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Export (Million $) 107,271 132,027 102,142 113,883 134,906 152,461 151,806
Import (Million $) 170,062 201,963 140,928 185,544 240,841 236,545 251,650
Volume (Million $) 277,333 333,990 243,070 299,427 375,747 389,006 403,456
Balance (Million $) -62,791 -69,936 -38,786 -71,661 -105,935 -84,084 -99,844
Source: TurkStat
2 TurkStat, IMF
3 TurkStat

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Between 2001 and 2008, foreign trade had increased by
359% and exports have increased by 321%. After having
a record high level of foreign trade with US $ 334 billion in
2008, because of global economic crisis it declined to US
$ 243 billion in 2009. But it bounced back to US $ 299.4
billion in 2010 and has increased with a compound annual
growth rate of 10% between 2010 - 2013 and reached US
$ 403.4 billion in 20134.
Automotive, machinery, iron and steel, textile and
clothing are the major export items, while oil and
natural gas, machinery, automotive, and chemicals are
the major import items.
In 2013, Turkey mainly exported to Germany, Iraq,
United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and France whereas it
mainly imported from Russia, China, Germany, Italy, and
the United States.
Table 4: Main Exports (Thousand $-2013) Table 5: Main Imports (Thousand $-2013)
Vehicles other than railway 17,001,311
Boilers, machineries and mechanical
appliances, parts thereof
Source: TurkStat
12,993,227
Iron and steel 9,921,394
Electrical machinery and equipment,
9,546,024
parts thereof
Knitted and crocheted goods and articles
thereof
9,247,988
Precious stones, precious metals, pearls and
articles thereof
6,978,476
Mineral fuels, minerals oils and product of
their distillation
6,724,823
Articles of iron and steel 6,149,485
Non knitted and crocheted goods and articles
5,714,958
thereof
Plastic and articles thereof 5,609,294
Fruits 3,969,195
Furniture 2,831,002
Salt, sulphur, earths and stones, plastering
2,746,964
materials, lime and cement
Rubber and articles thereof 2,482,206
Aluminium and articles thereof 2,363,732
Old clothing and other textile arctiles, rags 2,191,583
Carpets, mats matting and tapestries 2,188,014
Cotton,cotton yarn and cotton textiles 1,928,711
Preparations of vegetables, fruits 1,800,187
Metallic ores, slag and ash 1,774,240
Other 37,643,822
Total 151,806,635
Mineral fuels, minerals oils and product of
their distillation
55,917,155
Boilers, machineries and mechanical
appliances, parts thereof
30,155,104
Iron and steel 18,690,888
Electrical machinery and equipment,
17,758,617
parts thereof
Vehicles other than railway or tramway
rolling-stock, parts thereof
16,808,327
Precious stones, precious metals, pearls and
articles thereof
16,225,736
Plastic and articles thereof 13,881,166
Organic chemicals 5,314,064
Optical, photographic, cinematographic,
4,557,695
measuring checking, precision
Pharmaceutical products 4,151,044
Copper and articles thereof 3,709,858
Aluminium and articles thereof 3,236,691
Paper and paperboard,articles of paper pulp
3,091,824
of paper or of paperboard
Rubber and articles thereof 3,062,451
Cotton, cotton yarn and cotton textiles 2,989,182
Articles of iron and steel 2,757,736
Aircraft and parts thereof 2,371,909
Man-made fibres (discontinuous) 2,175,298
Miscellaneous chemical products 2,123,678
Man-made filament 2,089,808
Other 40,581,933
Total 251,650,164
Source: TurkStat
4 TurkStat

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Table 6: Principal Destinations of Exports
(Thousand $-2013)
Source: TurkStat Source: TurkStat
In the last six years in particular, Turkey has
started to draw increasing amounts of foreign
capital thanks to a rapid recovery from the 2001
crisis, large privatization projects, prolonged
stability coinciding with the excessive liquidity in
international markets and the beginning of EU
accession process. According to UNCTAD’s survey,
10% of the investment promotion agencies
selected Turkey as one of the most promising
sources of FDI for 2013- 2015. Turkey also ranked
51st out of 189 economies in Ease of Doing
Business Rank of the World Bank (2014) and 57th
out of 145 economies in Forbes Doing Business
Index (Values Calculated December 2013).
Being the world’s 17th and Europe’s 6th largest
economy (GDP PPP), Turkey has recently been
home to numerous significant investments by
attracting more than US $ 100 billion for the last
7 years.
In 2003 when the new investment law was
ratified, there were about 6,500 foreign
companies operating in Turkey.
Table 7: Principal Origins of Imports
(Thousand $-2013)
Graph 1: Foreign Direct Capital Inflows
(million $)
Germany 13,706,034
Iraq 11,952,995
United Kingdom 8,772,951
Russia 6,965,120
Italy 6,717,606
France 6,377,906
USA 5,636,015
UAE 4,966,063
Spain 4,334,932
Iran 4,192,647
China 3,600,931
Netherlands 3,538,221
Egypt 3,200,728
Saudi Arabia 3,191,517
Azerbaijan 2,960,333
Libya 2,753,218
Israel 2,649,770
Romania 2,616,742
Belgium 2,574,007
Ukraine 2,189,556
Russia 25,064,214
China 24,685,881
Germany 24,181,568
Italy 12,884,895
USA 12,596,178
Iran 10,383,143
Switzerland 9,647,289
France 8,079,820
Spain 6,417,722
India 6,367,788
United Kingdom 6,270,869
South Korea 6,088,466
UAE 5,384,468
Ukraine 4,516,333
Greece 4,206,020
Belgium 3,843,375
Romania 3,592,568
Japan 3,453,189
Netherlands 3,362,322
Poland 3,184,407
2.3 Foreign Direct Investments
19137
14747
6266 6256
16136
10759 10199
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Source: Central Bank of Turkey
By 2013, foreign capital firms in Turkey have
exceeded 37,0005.
The cumulative sector breakdown of foreign
capital financed companies between 1954-2013
shows that 33.7% of these companies operate
in wholesale and retail sectors, 16.2% of them
operate in real estate, renting and business
activities sectors and 14.3% of them operate in
manufacturing sector.
5 Turkish Ministry of
Economy, Foreign Direct
Investments Bulletin
March 2014.

8
Table 8: Foreign Direct Capital Inflows by Origin of Countries (million $)
2011 2012 2013
European Countries 12,587 7,925 6,399
Germany 665 491 1,846
Austria 2,418 1,519 659
France 999 86 222
Netherlands 1,425 1,381 1,013
UK 905 2,044 297
Italy 111 154 145
Other EU Countries 4,971 1,628 1,096
Other European Countries
(excl. EU)
1,093 622 1,121
Africa - - 221
US 1,403 439 344
Canada 20 32 16
Central and South America and Carribean 62 20 1
Asia 2,055 2,337 3,215
Gulf Countries 195 940 1,194
Other Near and Middle East 1,359 653 1,380
Other Asian Countries 497 744 641
Other 9 6 3
Total 16,136 10,759 10,199
Sectors 2011 2012 2013
Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Aquaculture 32 43 49
Mining 146 213 251
Manufacturing Industry 3,596 4,342 2,010
Food, Beverage and Tobacco 649 2,201 342
Textile 148 376 59
Chemicals 348 579 264
Machinery 76 32 5
Automotive 93 121 75
Other 2,282 1,033 1,265
Electricity, Gas, Water 4,295 924 2,552
Construction 301 1,428 210
Wholesale and Retail 709 221 356
Hotels and Restaurants 122 16 57
Transportation, Telecommunication & Logistics 222 130 295
Financial Intermediary Institutions 5,883 2,084 3,734
Real Estate 300 173 130
Other Healthcare, Community, Social and
Personal Services
530 1,185 555
Total 16,136 10,759 10,199
Construction (9.1%), transport, storage and
communications (9.3%), hotels and restaurants
(5.3%), other community, social and personal
service activities (5.1%), mining and quarrying
activities (1.8%), agriculture, hunting, fishing and
forestry (1.5%) and electricity, gas and water
supply (2.6%) constitute other sectors.
The Turkish companies have become important
investors abroad and have recently accomplished
significant projects and have bought world’s
leading brands including “Godiva”,” Razi”,
“Trader Media East”, “United Biscuits”, and
“Grundig”. Moreover, the Turkish contractors have
undertaken 374 projects abroad accounting for
US $ 31.3 billion in 2013. Accordingly, 38 Turkish
contractors partake among the world’s largest 250
contractors ranking in 20136.
Outbound investment department provides
consultancy to Turkish investors who make an
outbound investment, under the regulations
prescribed by “General Directorate of Incentive
Practices and Foreign Capital” and agreements
concerning the reciprocal promotion and
protection of investments. Department provides
information and consultancy about:
- Legal assurances provided to Turkish outbound
investors specified in the agreements
- Arbitration mechanisms Turkish outbound
investors may apply for, in case they have any
problems in the country of investment
- Investment environment in foreign countries
- Insurances Turkish outbound investors may
benefit against the potential non-commercial
risks
Source: Central Bank of Turkey, Turkish Ministry of Economy
Source: Central Bank of Turkey, Turkish Ministry of Economy
Table 10: Turkish Outflow Investments (million $)
Year Investment
2007 2,275
2008 2,604
2009 2,040
2010 1,823
2011 2,542
2012 4,334
2013 3,226
Source: Central Bank of Turkey
Table 9: Foreign Direct Capital Inflows According to Sectors (million $)
6 ENR The Top 250 International
Contractors

9
2.4 Public-Private Partnership (PPP)
Public-Private Partnership (“PPP”) has become
an increasingly popular way of procuring and
maintaining public sector infrastructure globally
in sectors such as transportation, infrastructure,
healthcare, public utilities, energy and education.
PPPs enable the public sector to benefit from the
expertise and efficiency that the private sector
can bring to the delivery of certain services
and help in sharing the financial burden as
borrowing is incurred by the private sector vehicle
implementing the project.
The Turkish Government has changed its
investment financing strategy in recent years to
utilize the benefits of PPPs. Instead of utilizing
public borrowing for funding investments, private
finance is encouraged, especially through public
private partnerships and privatizations in utilities.
Earlier variations of the PPP model, known as
Build-Operate-Transfer and Build-Own-Operate,
were used extensively in Turkey to deliver public
infrastructure such as airports, seaports and
electricity generation. Further progress in the
utilization of the PPP model is expected in these
sectors and new PPPs are also on the way for the
construction and operation of schools, prisons,
railways, water treatment and waste management
facilities. These investments and initiatives are
expected to pick up speed after the local and
presidential elections in 2014.
The most widespread use of the PPP model
in Turkey has been the PPP Programme of the
Turkish Ministry of Health (MOH). Healthcare
spending and provision of healthcare services
have been rising fast in Turkey as the government
focused on sharply improving the previously
outdated and inadequate state sector provision.
As a supplement to the increased level of direct
state spending over the past ten years, the PPP
programme was launched in 2009 and now
comprises more than 40 planned projects with
total fixed investment values ranging from TL 300
to 2,500 million. MOH seeks to replace smaller
hospitals with integrated health campuses to
be built and operated through a Private Finance
Initiative (PFI) scheme.
The PPP process in the health sector encountered
initial obstacles, both legal objections and
financing difficulties, but MOH has completed
the tendering process of 16 healthcare PPPs up
to now and has signed the Project Agreements
for most of them. MOH is planning to continue
with the tendering of new hospitals and its PPP
Programme covering approximately 40 health
campuses with a total bed capacity of 30,000, as
well as administrative buildings and laboratories
amounting to more than Euro 10 billion in
investments.

10
Recent developments
A new Law (Law No. 6428) was passed by the
Turkish Parliament in March 2013. The new law
specifically addresses certain legal challenges
encountered by healthcare PPP projects under
previous legislation, in order to facilitate their
implementation.
The new law addresses the concerns of the
Council of State on the allocation of Treasury-owned
land, free-of-charge, for services that are
not directly related to the healthcare facilities.
The new law includes a provision nullifying
existing tender terms relating to allocation of
land for commercial purposes. It also contains
a provision applicable to future healthcare PPP
projects for Treasury-owned land to be allocated,
free-of-charge, to the Project company to build
commercial as well as healthcare facilities.
The new law also addresses the Constitutional
Court’s views and outlines the tendering process,
the implementation agreements (including parties'
rights and obligations in case of termination),
payments to be made to project companies, the
transfer of the facilities to the government at the
end of the operation period, and the equity and
collateral requirements.
A Treasury debt assumption mechanism has also
been introduced by recent legislative changes.
All foreign financing of projects with a total
investment value of more than TL 500 million
(about Euro 170 million at current exchange
rates) is now guaranteed through Treasury debt
assumption mechanisms. Moreover, there are VAT
exemptions available until 31 December 2023
according to Provisional Article 29 of the Turkish
VAT Law.
Taking the MOH as a model, the Ministry of
National Education of Turkey has also launched a
PPP program. As in healthcare, the government
has been investing heavily in education and
believes there could be financing and operational
benefits from using the PPP model for the new
education campuses it is planning. Campuses
are planned to be built on green field sites, so
that they also have additional functionalities such
as sport centres, playgrounds and convention
centres. At least 30 such projects are expected to
be the subject of PPP tenders.

11
2.5 Privatization in Turkey
Turkey has positioned itself as an attractive and
promising investment environment and has
become one of the fastest growing economies
in the world by implementing free trade
principles and offering dynamic capital markets.
Privatization has been one of the most essential
tools of the free market economy and has been in
the agenda of Turkey since 1984.
Privatization in Turkey aimed to minimize the state
involvement in economic activities and helped
in relieving the financial burden on the State
Economic Enterprises (SEE). It also helped in the
development of capital markets and enhanced
the use of resources in new investments; i.e. in
infrastructure.
Turkey has employed a wide spectrum of
privatization methods taking into account the
nature of the establishment to be privatized;
direct sale, sale via public offering through
Borsa Istanbul, granting concessions, transfer
of ownership or operating rights and BOTs.
Please see Graph 2 below for the breakdown of
privatization methods used.
Under the Privatization Law (Law No. 4046),
privatization process is carried out by the
Privatization High Council and Privatization
Administration. The Privatization High Council
is the ultimate decision-making body for the
privatization in Turkey; headed by the Prime
Minister. The Privatization Administration is the
executive body for the privatization process.
Since 1985, state shares in 270 companies, 22
incomplete plants, 8 toll motorways, 2 bridges,
120 establishments, 1439 real estate, lottery
games license rights, vehicle inspection centers
and 6 ports have been taken into the privatization
portfolio. Afterwards, 25 companies, and 4
real estate were excluded from the portfolio for
various reasons. The Privatization Administration
sold stake or assets in 204 companies; state
ownership is totally ceased in 194 companies.
PRIVATIZATION IN TURKEY
Turkey has positioned itself as an attractive and promising investment environment and has become
one of the fastest growing economies in the world by implementing free trade principles and
offering dynamic capital markets. Privatization has been one of the most essential tools of the free
market economy and has been in the agenda of Turkey since 1984.
Privatization in Turkey aimed to minimize the state involvement in economic activities and helped in
relieving the financial burden on the State Economic Enterprises (SEE). It also helped in the
development of capital markets and enhanced the use of resources in new investments; i.e. in
infrastructure.
Turkey has employed a wide spectrum of privatization methods taking into account the nature of the
establishment to be privatized; direct sale, sale via public offering through Borsa Istanbul, granting
concessions, transfer of ownership or operating rights and BOTs. Please see Table 1 below for the
breakdown of privatization methods used.
Graph 2: Privatization Methods Used
Sale in Borsa
İstanbul (BIST) 2%
Public Offering
16%
Asset or
Sale in BIST
Concession Sale
44%
Source: Privatization Administration
Table 1: Privatization Methods Used
Source : Privatization Administration
2%
Real Estate
1%
Block Sale
37%
Under the Privatization Law No. 4046, privatization process is carried out by Privatization High
Council and Privatization Administration. The Privatization High Council is the ultimate decision‐making

12
have been taken into the privatization portfolio. Afterwards, 25 companies, and 4 real estate were
excluded from the portfolio for various reasons. The Privatization Administration sold stake or assets
in 204 companies; state ownership is totally ceased in 194 companies.
State has completely withdrawn from cement, animal feed production, dairy products, forest
products, civil handling, catering services and petroleum distribution sectors. More than 50 % of the
state shares were privatized in tourism, iron and steel, textile, sea freight and meat processing
sectors. State has withdrawn from most of the ports and petroleum refinery sector.
State has completely withdrawn from cement,
animal feed production, dairy products, forest
products, civil handling, catering services and
petroleum distribution sectors. More than 50% of
the state shares were privatized in tourism, iron
and steel, textile, sea freight and meat processing
sectors. State has withdrawn from most of the
ports and petroleum refinery sector.
The total proceeds from the privatization
implementations is recorded as USD 59.3 billion
since 1985; USD 52 billion collected as of March
2014. The dividend income received from the
entities within the privatization program has
been USD 4.7 billion and other income USD 10.6
billion, therefore the total proceeds collected has
been USD 58.2 billion. Please see Graph 3 for the
privatization proceeds on an annual basis.
The total proceeds from the privatization implementations is recorded as USD 59.3 billion since 1985;
USD 52 billion collected as of March 2014. The dividend income received from the entities within the
privatization program has been USD 4.7 billion and other income USD 10.6 billion, therefore the total
proceeds collected has been USD 58.2 billion. Please see Table 2 for the privatization proceeds on an
annual basis.
Graph 3: Privatization Proceeds
Million (US$)
8,240
1,283
8,222 8,096
13,000
12,000
11,000
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
Source: Privatization Administration
Table 2: Privatization Proceeds
Source : Privatization Administration
4,259
6,259
2,275
3,082
1,358
3,021
12,486
728
0
1986-
2003
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
YYeeaarrss

13
3. Industrial and service outlook
3.1 Transportation and defense
Transportation
Turkey enjoys a privileged position at the
crossroads between Europe, Caucasus, Middle
East and Central Asia. As a result of being a
regional logistics base, Turkey’s transportation
sector partakes among principal sectors in terms of
economic growth and employment.
With the influence of economical development
and the EU accession period, the modernization
of transportation sector already started through
privatizations and foreign direct investments. New
airports have been built; capacity of ports are
increased; construction of many dual carriageways
are ongoing; high-speed train network has
commenced and many privatizations have been
realized mostly through build-operate-transfer
(BOT) contracts. Moreover, Transportation Master
Plan Strategy Report has been prepared for the
Turkish Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs and
Communications, which encompasses numerous
project proposals on infrastructure, traffic and
management of transport modes.
Table 11: Turkish Transportation Sector Statistics - Railways
Railways 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Length of railway (km) 11,005 11,405 11,940 12,000 12,008
Passenger train kilometer 23,339 23,698 21,274 22,209 17,319
Freight traffic (thousand tons) 23,491 21,813 24,355 25,421 25,666
Table 12: Turkish Transportation Sector Statistics - Roads
Road 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Length of motorway (km) 1,922 2,036 2,080 2,119 2,127 2,127
Length of state road (km) 31,311 31,271 31,395 31,372 31,375 31,341
Length of provincial road (km) 30,712 30,948 31,390 31,558 31,880 32,155
Number of road motor vehicles (thousand) 13,765 14,316 15,095 16,089 17,033 17,939
Freight transportation and the circulation
181,935 176,455 190,365 203,072 216,123
on the state roads, provincial roads and
motorways (Tonne/km) (million)
Passenger transportation and the circula-tion
on the state roads, provincial roads
and motorways (Passenger/km) (million)
206,098 212,464 226,913 242,265 258,874
Source: TurkStat
Source: TurkStat

14
Table 13: Turkish Transportation Sector Statistics - Air
Air 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Number of aircrafts 270 297 332 349 370 -
Seat capacity 43 524 47,972 57,899 61,695 65,208 -
Freight carried domestic lines (ton) 424,555 484,833 554,71 617,835 633,076 744,028
Freight carried international lines (ton) 1,219,459 1,241,512 1,466,366 1,631,639 1,616,057 1,851,289
Domestic air traffic (unit) 385,764 419,422 497,862 579,488 600,818 682,685
International air traffic (unit) 356,001 369,047 421,549 462,881 492,229 541,110
Number of passengers domestic lines 35,832,776 41 226 959 50,575,426 58,258,324 64,721,316 76,148.526
Number of passengers international lines 43,605,513 44 281 549 52,224,966 59,362,145 65,630,304 73,281.895
Source: TurkStat, DHMI
Table 14: Turkish Transportation Sector Statistics - Sea
Sea 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Loading freight (thousand tons) 92,168 92,076 102,494 103,033 114,176
Unloading freight (thousand tons) 171,688 159,347 182,018 195,933 216,524
Transit freight (thousand tons) 50,752 58,012 64,122 64,379 56,724
Source: Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications
In order to realize a nostalgic dream, the revival of
the historical Silk Road as a part of international
transportation is on the agenda. Turkey has a
primary role as a natural bridge within the Silk
Road project, which links the Asian economies
with high shares in world trade and Europe, due
to its strategic geographic location, its proximity
to the international transport routes, its renovated
transport infrastructure and strong road fleet.
Road transportation is the main means of freight
and passenger transportation7. It constitutes
77.9% of the freight transportation and 90.5%
of the passenger transportation Turkey has the
largest and newest transportation fleet in Europe
with 1,400 road transportation companies and
45,000 vehicles.
The Turkish Government aims to modernize
existing roads and launch new projects. The
estimated cost for the modernization and
construction of the roads (until 2023) is TL
166 billion. As a part of the Silk Road project,
construction of Black Sea Ring Highway, which
has a total length of 7,140 kilometers and
crosses the borders of 12 Black Sea Economic
Cooperation (BSEC) member countries, is on
the agenda. To ease traffic jam in Istanbul,
construction of a third Bosphorus Bridge and an
underwater tunnel for motor vehicles, Euroasia
Tunnel, are in progress based on BOT models.
7 Ministry of Transport, Maritime
Affairs and Communication,
Karayolu Report

15
Turkey has targeted to become a center for railway
freight through implementation of the Strait Rail
Tube Crossing and Commuter Railway Upgrading
(MARMARAY) Project, which will connect Turkey
to the Trans-European Network. The total length
of the Project is approximately 76 km and total
amount is estimated as US $ 3 billion. The tunnel,
passes beneath the Bosphorus, which constitutes
14 km of the Marmaray project was completed in
2013 and train services started. Once the project is
wholly completed, Turkey will become an essential
center for railway freight among Europe, Central
Asia and the Middle East. 23.5 billion US dollars is
allocated for railways by 2023.
Turkey also has a leading role in Kars-Tbilisi-Baku
Railway Project, which is an alternative route
within the contemporary Silk Road. Known as
the ‘Iron Silk Road’, Kars-Tbilisi-Baku Railway
Project creates an alternative route to the existing
West-East corridor through Iran. The total length
of the project is 180 kilometers. 76 kilometers
will pass through Turkey, 29 kilometers will pass
through Georgia and the rest will pass through
Azerbaijan.
Domestic and international flights are operated by
state-owned company, Turkish Airlines (THY) as
well as some private airlines.
There are 70 airports in Turkey:
• 52 airports are being operated, 38 of them
are open to both domestic and international
flights, and 14 of them are open only to
domestic flights.
• Rest of the airports are only open to protocol
and military, private use and to the use of
Turkish Aviation Association.
İstanbul-İzmit, İzmir, Adana-Mersin and Samsun
are the major ports for domestic and international
freight and passenger transportation. In order
to increase quality and productivity, ports of
Bandırma, Derince, İskenderun, and İzmir will be
privatized.
The tender of Istanbul New Airport, planned
to be the largest airport project of the world,
was completed on 3rd of May, 2013 by Build-
Operate-Transfer Model. Consortium of 5 private
companies won the tender. It is planned to be
opened at the beginning of 2017 with 25 years
of operational period. The cost of the project is
expected to be approximately € 10 billion. Once
the project is completed, 150 million passenger
capacity, 4 connected terminals, 6 runways, 16
taxiways will be achieved.
Ship construction is also a significant sector in
Turkey and is on the 5th place in the world by ship
construction orders and super yacht construction.

16
Defense
Turkish defense sector has been developing
very fast in the last decade. Turkey spends US $
3-4 billion annually in arms procurement. The
proportion of defense systems produced locally
was 25% in 2003 and reached 54% at the end of
2013. On the other hand, annual Turkish defense
export reached to the level of US $ 1.4 billion in
2013.
Turkey has traditionally made modest efforts to
become self-sufficient in basic defense industrial
activities. Starting in the second half of the 1970s
these capabilities were expanded through several
vital investments, particularly into the defense
electronics and aerospace fields. In 1985, a
government entity charged with coordinating and
financing the development of the defense industry
was established under Secretariat for Defense
Industries (SSM). Since its establishment in 1985
the SSM has been entrusted with the responsibility
of a fairly large number of defense industry
projects, valued over US $ 30 billion.
But the imbalance between the local production
and the imports led Turkey to the pursuit of a
stable local defense industry infrastructure. In May
2004, SSM decided to cancel three major projects,
including the multi-billion dollar attack and tactical
reconnaissance (ATAK) helicopter programme,
and instead introduced a new procurement model
to boost ailing local industry. The initial goal was
to increase the proportion of defense systems
produced locally to 50% by the end of 2010,
which was successfully achieved. SSM expects that
export of defense products will catch the import
of them by 2014. SSM targets US $ 2 billion worth
of defense exports by 2014 and US $ 25 billion by
20238.
8 Turkish Defence and Aerospace
Industry Exporters Association

17
The prime mover on the aerospace side of
Turkey's defense industry is TAI (TUSAS Aerospace
Industries). It has been co-producing the needed
airplanes and helicopters by the Turkish Air
Force. Another Turkish company ASELSAN
has established itself as the leading electronic
systems house in Turkey as well as having a
major capability in radars and optronic systems.
ROKETSAN is one of the few companies in
Europe with the capability to design, develop and
manufacture artillery rocket systems (ARS). FNSS
Savunma Sistemleri is the largest manufacturer
of tracked armored fighting vehicles (AFVs) in
Turkey. Another company Otokar has developed
and placed in production a complete range of
4x4 and 6x6 light armored tactical vehicles.
Makina ve Kimya Endüstrisi Kurumu (MKEK) is
the main manufacturer of ammunition, small
arms and other weapons in Turkey and is also
a major subcontractor to other Turkish defense
contractors. Turkish Land Forces Command (TLFC)
has extensive facilities involved not only in the
upgrading of AFV and artillery systems but also in
production. It has upgraded over 4,000 tanks and
the center has developed and put into production
specialized versions including ambulances,
command post and engineer squad vehicles. The
main repository of naval shipbuilding and repair
experience remains resident within state-owned
hands at Naval Shipyard. The navy's other major
surface acquisition is the locally designed and built
12 MILGEM corvette ships. The first of the 12
MILGEMs, which is a corvette class warship, has
joined the Turkish Navy in 2011 and the second in
2013.
After the completion of MILGEM project, Turkey
will become one of the ten countries which can
produce its warship itself.
Also, a private company Yonca Onuk designed and
built most of the fast patrol craft in service with
the Coast Guard.
Besides Turkish companies, there are many
foreign companies that work for Turkish defense
industry. Imtech, RMK Marine Shipyard, German
Minehunter Consortium of Abeking & Rasmussen
and Lurssen Werft and Dearsan Shipbuilding
and Repair Company are some of them. Beneath
the surface, the Gölcük shipyard has experience
in working under the license of Germany's
Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (HDW) in
constructing submarines.
Turkish defense industry is expected to continue its
growth in the future due to Turkey’s geographic
and strategic position. At the same time, with
the new legislations and incentives for the local
defense industry to grow, Turkey’s export and
import in the sector is projected to be more
balanced in the future as well.

18
3.2 Automotive
According to the International Organization of
Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA), Turkey is the
17th largest automotive manufacturer in the world
and 6th in Europe. Also Turkey is Europe’s largest
light commercial vehicle manufacturer and 2nd
largest bus manufacturer. The Turkish automotive
sector includes production of trucks, buses,
trailers, midi and mini buses and passenger cars
with a capacity of 1.6 million vehicles. Except for
2009 and 2012, the automotive manufacturing
numbers are in a steady rise in recent years.
Domestic production in Turkish automotive sector
started in 1967. Over the years, industry imported
foreign models and produced them for domestic
market under the protection of high tariffs. As
Customs Union came into effect in 1996, tariff
protection for the industry ended. After this
point, many global brands such as Honda, Toyota
and Hyundai joined the already existing brands
like Renault, Ford, Fiat in the Turkish automotive
industry. Today, there are 17 manufacturers and
4,000 component makers in Turkey. The Turkish
automotive industry employs over 400,000
people.
Automotive sector exports 70% of its production
and 90% of the exports goes to Europe.
Transportation vehicles and components industry
is the leading sector in Turkish exports. It was US
$ 18.3 billion in 2011, US $ 19 billion in 2012
(12.5% of the Turkish export) and US $ 21 billion
in 2013 (14% of the Turkish export).
Table 15: Automotive Production (Amount)
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Automobiles 510,931 603,394 639,734 577,296 633,604
Commercial Vehicles 358,674 491,163 549,397 495,682 491,930
Tractor 17,762 40,178 62.250 42,255 40,509
Total 884,466 1,124,982 1,253,392 1,115,233 1,166,043
Source: Automotive Manufacturers’ Association (OSD); The Turkish Association of
Agricultural Machinery And Equipment Manufacturers
Table 16: Automotive Exports
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Production 884,466 1,124,892 1,253,392 1,115,233 1,166,043
Export 637,855 763,67 801,112 745,354 843,467
Export/Production (%) 72 68 64 67 72
Source: Automotive Manufacturers’ Association (OSD)

19
3.3 Financial services
Turkish banking sector mostly dominates the
Turkish financial system. 85.8% of the financial
system’s assets are held by the banking sector. By
the end of 2010, volume of the financial sector
assets were as large as 103.6% of the Turkish GDP.
Major reforms were carried out in the finance and
banking sectors between 1999 and 2002.
“The Banking Sector Restructuring Program” was
initiated in May 2001 with the aim of modifying
the banking sector into a sound and competitive
structure consistent with sustainable growth.
Banking legislation has been adjusted in
accordance with the relevant international
regulations and the European Union banking
directives. Also in line with the previous principles
and the BASEL (Banking Supervision and Auditing)
Committee principles, a banking law was issued
in 2005 to regulate the sector. With the new
structure of the banking system and improvements
in the Turkish economy, Turkish banking sector had
significant growth in the bank’s balance sheets and
changes in their structure.
Main Indicators of the Turkish banking sector and national income
Billion US $ 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Loans 47.4 74.0 116.2 156.1 246.0 242.2 263.7 343.0 363.5 448.4 492.3
Deposits 111.2 142.5 186.8 219.2 307.2 299.1 345.6 402.4 370.3 435.6 444.5
Total Assets 178.7 228.4 302.0 356.2 500.7 482.2 560.0 656.5 648.1 773.3 814.4
GDP 305.0 390.3 481.4 526.4 648.7 742.0 616.7 731.6 773.9 786.3 820.0
Source: Banks Association of Turkey (BAT), BRSA, Turkstat, IMF
There are 49 banks, 11,986 branches and 214,263
employees in Turkish banking system as of the
end of 2013. Number of branches and employees
have increased every year since 2004. Even in
2008 when the global financial crisis got deeper
and many European and American banks got
smaller, 277 new branches opened and 1,551 new
employees hired.
In 2013, the net profit arose by 4.9% in TL terms,
whereas it decreased by 12.6% in US $ terms
reaching US $ 11.6 billion. Total loans reached US
$ 492.3 billion with a 9.8% increase from 2012 to
2013, which was nearly 60.5% of the total assets.
Whereas, deposits grew 2% to US $ 444.5 billion.
Also total assets grew 5.3%.
Table 17: Indicators of the Banking Sector and National Income

20
Although global financial crisis affected Turkish
banking sector, it had some advantages in
comparison to other countries. These are:
• There is no toxic product
• Turkish banking sector is conventional, wide
spread, mainly constituted from deposits and
have a wide spread of customer net
• Weight of the individual loans is not much in the
GDP
• Turkish banking sector started very late to the
mortgage system and the interest rates are fixed
• Due to some politic and financial developments
Turkish banking sector pushed on the brakes
starting from the beginning of 2007
• Turkish banking sector has crisis experience
3.4 Consumer Business
Turkey is a major market for consumer products
with 76.6 million population. Textile and clothing,
agriculture, white goods, furniture, cosmetics and
jewelry are the prominent sectors in consumer
products.
Turkey is a major textile and clothing producer
country in the world with over 40,000 producers
and 3 million workers. Cotton clothing, knitted
clothing, woven clothing and accessories as well
as home textile products constitute main products
in the sector. Thanks to strong leather sector of
Turkey, footwear industry is a well-developed
industry as well. The industry focuses on Europe,
Middle East and Eurasia regions. Turkey is one
of the world’s leading manufacturer of floor-coverings
including hand-woven and machine-made
rugs and mats. Also Turkey has a high
quality cotton yarn.
In recent years textile and clothing sectors faced
fierce competition from far eastern countries.
Especially, lifting of the quotas in 2005 affected
the exports as well as the domestic market.
The industry is moving towards higher quality
production and spend great deal of energy on
branding. In order to achieve the move towards
more sophisticated products, companies benefit
from the government’s design and technology
incentives. As a result of this effort and the
changing conditions of the sector after the world
financial crisis, the sector’s exports increased
12.4% in 2010 after a 16.5% fall in 2009. The
sector’s exports also increased by 7.9% in 2013
relative to 20129.
Agriculture and food industry is one of the leading
sectors of Turkey with rich resources, huge
potential of fish products and livestock. Edible
nuts, frozen fruits and vegetables, confectionery
products, poultry, dairy products, oil and vast
variety of fresh vegetables and fruits are produced
in Turkey and are exported to numerous countries.
Also, Turkey is the world leader in the production
of dried figs, hazelnuts, sultanas/raisins and dried
apricots.
The sector has over 25 thousand enterprises,
with an average five hectares farm size. With
6.5 million workers the sector employs 25% of
Turkey’s total workforce. This ratio was over 35%
one decade ago. Although Turkey has relatively
small enterprises and land per enterprise, due
to its favorable ecological conditions, large food
importer neighbouring countries and a large
domestic population with rising income, the sector
is expected to grow in the future.
9 International Trade Center

21
Turkey is Europe’s second largest producer of white
goods with production of refrigerators, washing
machines and other household appliances. In
addition to establishing production units in the
Eastern Europe, Eurasia and Asia like Russia,
Romania and China, some of the Turkish white
goods and electronic appliances producers also
bought world’s leading brands. Over 2 million
people work in the sector and in 2013 production
was 21.9 million pieces where 6.8 million of them
were sold in the domestic market. There are over
50 producers and over 500 hundred white goods
parts suppliers in the sector.
The main producer brands in the sector are:
Arçelik, Beko, Altus and Aygaz under Arçelik group;
Profilo, Bosch and Siemens under BSH-Profilo
Group, Vestel under Vestel Group; Ariston and
Indesit under Indesit Group. With the high priority
given to innovation in the sector, world’s fastest
washing machines and dishwashers have been
developed in Turkey. The sector exports most of its
production.
Turkey Furniture sector is a very important sector in
Turkey with its huge export potential. Metal office
furniture, wooden furniture, seats for automobiles
and seats convertible into beds constitute the
major items of production and export in the sector.
There are approximately 30 thousand companies
in furniture production business which export to
over 200 countries in the world. Also 32 thousand
companies are in furniture retail business10. The
sector employs over 500 thousand people. The
industry had US $ 2.2 billion export in 2013.
There are nine furniture companies in the top
500 industrial establishments of Turkey. These
companies are: Doğtaş, Çilek Mobilya, Ceha Büro
Mobilyaları, Gürkan Ofis Mobilyaları, Tosunoğulları
Mobilyaları, Kilim Mobilya, Merinos Halı, Grammer
Koltuk Sistemleri and Yataş Yatak ve Yorgan Sanayi.
Around 3,250 companies operate in the cosmetics
sector with 14,000 employees (registered in the
Ministry of Health system). Shampoos, depilatories,
products for bath, lip and eye make-up products,
deodorants, perfumes and baby care products
are major items in the sector. The sector has a
trade volume (import + export) of US $ 1.8 billion,
62% of which are exports11. Turkey partakes
among world’s leading laurel and olive oil soap
producers. Many successful brands were created
by the soap producers in recent years. They
achieved high volume of exports. Some of these
companies are Evyap, Eczacıbaşı, Canan Kozmetik,
Kopaş Kozmetik, Kurtsan İlaçları, Hunca Kozmetik,
Aromel Kozmetik, Hobi Kozmetik, Kosan Kozmetik,
Dündar Kozmetik, Erkul Kozmetik and Rosense
Kozmetik. Also many international companies
produce different cosmetic products in Turkey.
Given its cultural heritage of jewelry, Turkey ranks
among world’s top three gold jewelry producers
and exporters with the country's powerful modern
and classical techniques in the sector. The gold
production capacity is 400 tons per year. The
sector employs 250 thousand people. There are
5 thousand producers and 35 thousand jewelry
stores active in the market12. İstanbul Gold
Exchange was formed in 1995. Currently it has 122
members. Also İstanbul Gold Refinery started its
production in 2002.
Consumer Product Exports $* (Thousand)
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Furniture 1,387,015 1,198,146 1,414,961 1,658,391 1,899,017 2,238,101
Cosmetics 448,339 418,251 492,057 558,727 621,234 706,341
White Goods 3,621,683 3,238,255 3,651,790 4,240,352 4,421,217 4,621,804
Jewellery 1,660,986 1,155,763 1,529,811 1,949,815 2,675,819 3,411,335
Ready to Wear
Clothing
13,154,792 11,222,803 12,381,644 13,512,766 13,863,851 14,973,727
Source: International Trade Center
* Furniture (GTIP: 94919494); Cosmetics (GTIP: 3301-3307); Jewellery (GTIP: 7113); Ready to Wear (GTIP: 61-62);
White Goods (GTIP: 8409, 8415, 8416, 8418, 8422, 8450)
10 MUSIAD
11 Ministry of Economy
Cosmetics Industry Report
12 Ministry of Economy
Gold Jewelery Industry
Report
Table 18: Consumer Product Exports

22
3.5 Energy & Resources
Turkey is an important energy consumer as
well as an important hub for energy supplies
transportation. Turkey's primary energy
consumption was 120.9 million TEP in 2012. In
the past 10 years, Turkey had the fastest primary
energy demand growth among the OECD
members. Turkey was also the second in demand
increase for natural gas and electricity in the world
after China. Between 2012 and 2020, primary
consumption is expected to rise 4% annually
(average annual increase expectation for the world
is 1,5%). Total US $ 130 billion of investment
is needed in the energy field by 2020 to meet
Turkey’s energy needs.
Graph 4: Energy Consumption in Turkey According
to Resources (2012) (%)
Except coal (mostly lignite), currently Turkey has
very limited mineral resources. Turkey imports
almost all of its crude oil (89%), natural gas
(98.6%) and coal (92%) needs (2012). TPAO (The
Turkish Petroleum Corporation) has invested US
$ 500 million in exploration of Black Sea region
where 10 billion barrels of potential reserves
thought to be lying. With this goal TPAO has
established partnerships with Petrobas, Exxonmobil
and Chevron. Although Turkey mostly imports oil
and natural gas, the country is becoming a hub for
energy supplies.
There are currently two existing and one planned
major oil pipeline in Turkey. Existing ones are
Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) and Iraq-Turkey crude oil
pipelines which bring oil from Azerbaijan and Iraq.
BTC’s capacity is 1 million barrels per day (bpd).
With some technical changes it will first reach to
1.2 million bpd and eventually to 1.6 million bpd.
Capacity of the Iraq - Turkey pipeline is 1.6 million
bpd. Also Trans - Anatolian pipeline project is
planned to carry Russian and Kazakh oil from north
of Turkey to the south. From Ceyhan, a port in
the south of Turkey where the oil Trans-Anatolian
pipeline ends, the oil will be shipped to other parts
of the world. Tüpraş refinery is in Ceyhan and the
crude oil is refined at Tüpraş; the refined products
are sold both domestically and internationally.
Ceyhan region on the Mediterranean coast has
become a focal point of the international crude oil
trade. Couple new projects to build other refineries
in Turkey are planned as well.
The natural gas pipelines’ length increased from
4,510 km to 12,290 km between 2002 - 2012. By
the end of 2012, 72 cities had natural gas grid in
Turkey. There are two Russian- Turkish natural gas
pipelines (West and Black sea), one Azerbaijani-
Turkish natural gas pipeline (Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum)
and one Iranian-Turkish natural gas pipeline
transmitting natural gas to Turkey.
Total 43.1 billion cm3 natural gas imported from
these pipelines in LNG form was from Algeria
and Nigeria in 2012. Already one fourth of Azeri
natural gas goes to Greece. Also Nabucco gas
pipeline agreement was signed in 2009, which
will connect Central Asian natural gas to Central
Europe through Turkey. Turkey is building a
link to the Egyptian - Jordan - Syria - Lebanon
gas pipeline. The link will be connected to the
Turkish natural gas network. Talks for building a
pipeline connecting Qatar natural gas to Turkey is
continuing. Another under sea pipeline is planned
to be built between Ceyhan and Israel. The gas
from the pipeline will be transferred to India from
Red Sea by ship.
30.9%
36.5%
25.3%
7.2%
Natural Gas
Coal
Petroleum
Renewable Resources
30.9%
36.5%
25.3%
7.2%
Natural Gas
Coal
Petroleum
Renewable Resources
Source: Turkish Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources

23
Energy Market Regulatory Authority
(“EMRA”) is the main authority in energy
market and provides independent regulation
and supervision to the electricity, natural gas,
petroleum and LPG markets. All market activities
are conducted under licenses issued by EMRA.
Turkey imports 84% of the oil from four countries,
namely Iran, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia and
Iraq.
39%
11%
7%
5%
19%
15%
4%
Iran
Russia Federation
Iraq
Saudi Arabia
Kazakhstan
Libya
Nigeria, Italy,
Azerbaijan
Turkey makes natural gas import from five
countries; Russian Federation, Iran, Algeria,
Azerbaijan, and Nigeria.
Turkey’s demand for electricity is growing fastest
after China in the world. Between 2002 and
2008 compound annual growth rate in electricity
demand was 7% reaching 198 billion kWh.
However, with the effects of the global crisis, iron,
steel, cement and textile industries' production
slowed down and the commercial use of electricity
decreased. As a result, the electricity consumption
in 2009 was 194 billion kWh. As the effects of
the global crisis started to decrease, electricity
consumption increased to 242.3 billion kWh in
2012. In 2013, the consumption has reached
245.5 billion kWh with a 1.3% increase compared
to 2012.
Turkey's installed electricity production capacity
reached 64,044 MW at the end of 2013 with the
addition of 6,984.6 MW in 201313.
Electricity demand is expected to increase
approximately with an annual average growth rate
of 5.5% to reach 357.4 Twh in the base scenario
by 202014.
Graph 5: Turkey's Main Resources of Oil (2012)
Graph 6: Natural Gas Import 2012
Graph 7: Main Resources in Electricity Production (2013)
Source: Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources
Source: Energy Market Regulatory Authority
Source: Energy Market Regulatory Authority
44%
25%
25%
4% 2%
Natural Gas
Coal
Hydro
Renewable
Resources
Other
7%
9%
3%
58%
18%
5%
Azerbaijan
Algeria
Nigeria
Russia Federation
Iran
Spot
13-14 Ministry of Energy
and Natural Resources

24
Turkey is privatizing its electric distribution and
production facilities. The Turkish Electricity
Distribution Company (TEDAS) is a government
company which distributed and sold electricity
in 20 regions and to approximately 30 million
customers. To attract foreign investment and have
efficiency in both production and distribution,
government had reorganized the company
into smaller companies and privatized all of the
regional companies of TEDAŞ.
Nuclear energy is another field that Turkey wants
to develop. Currently, there is no nuclear power
plant in Turkey. But the government targets to
supply at least 5% of the country’s electricity
production from nuclear energy by 2020. In
order to achieve this target, there are projects
underway with different countries. An agreement
was signed with Russians to build a nuclear power
plant in Akkuyu and “NGS Elektrik Üretim A.Ş.”
was established in December 2010 in order to
realize the agreement. The second project is Sinop
nuclear power plant which is planned to be built
according to the agreement between Turkey and
Japan.
In recent years government changed the laws
and regulatory framework for energy industry.
The industry has been modeled according to
the European Union’s regulatory framework and
industry structure. As “Kyoto Agreement” was
signed by Turkey in 2008, Turkey needs to increase
the renewable energy production in the coming
years. With the changes in regulatory framework,
government increased buying guarantees for
renewable energy. As a result of this new initiative,
many international and local companies have
started to invest in this field. Some of these
companies are General Electric, BP, Petrobas
and Spain’s Iberdrola. In addition, an electricity
interconnection net is planned to be built between
Turkey, Syria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and
Libya.
3.6 Life Science and Health Care
Turkey has been going through a comprehensive
healthcare restructuring thanks to liberalizations
and attempts to develop and scale up its
healthcare services by continuously improving
quality. Due to its quality of medical care,
geographical advantage and affordable prices,
Turkish medical groups are rapidly becoming
providers of healthcare services for international
patients especially from Russian Federation,
Europe, Balkan countries, Middle East and Central
Asia.
Annual healthcare spending in Turkey was
approximately US $ 42 billion in Turkey (as of end
of November 2013)15. As private investors entered
the healthcare market at the beginning of 1990s,
the private sector investments doubled compared
to public sector within the last decade. There are
541 private, 832 public, 65 university and 45 other
type of hospitals.
Table 19: Number of Doctors in Turkey (2006-2012)
Year Total
2006 104,475
2007 108,402
2008 113,151
2009 118,641
2010 123,447
2011 126,029
2012 129,772
Source: Turkish Ministry of Health (MOH)
Table 20: Classification of Doctors (2012)
Ministry
of Health
Hospitals
Medical Schools Private Other Total
73,663 26,997 27,436 1,676 129,772
Source: Turkish Ministry of Health (MOH)
15 AIFD (Association
of Research based
Pharmaceuticals Companies)

25
1.28 1.29 1.4 1.48 1.53
Source: Pharmaceutical Manufacturers’ Association of Turkey
3842
4743
4427
4787
1.78 1.72 1.77 1.78
5093
18.19%
16.54%
4354
4498
10.46%
10.71%
9.91%
12.78%
12.17%
402 470 474 612 620 720 818
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
2
1.5
1
0.5
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Export Import Balance
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Source: Pharmaceutical Manufacturers’ Association of Turkey
49.9%
51.7%
50.9%
49.9%
49.6%
50.6%
50.1%
48.3%
49.1%
50.1% 50.4%
49.4%
52%
51%
50%
49%
48%
47%
46%
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Import Domestic
Close to 60 internationally competitive medical
faculties train thousands of Turkish and foreign
medical students. High certification standards
in these schools for physicians ensure successful
medical results in a wide variety of specialties.
Oncology (medical and surgery), organ
transplantation, neurosurgery, cardiology
and cardiovascular surgery, orthopedics and
traumatology, obstetrics and gynecology,
ophthalmology, plastic surgery and dental services
are major fields in which Turkish healthcare service
providers have expertise.
Moreover, as Pharmaceutical Research and
Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) mentioned,
Turkey is a country that could develop
into a globally competitive powerhouse in
pharmaceutical research, manufacturing
and exports, due to its human resources,
geographic proximity to major markets and
rapidly evolving domestic pharmaceutical
market.
There are approximately 300 entities operating in
Turkey. There are 77 production facilities in Turkey,
17 of which belong to multinational companies.
The number of manufacturing companies is 71,
15 of which are multinationals and the rest are
domestic companies according to Pharmaceuticals
Manufacturers Association of Turkey. Bayer from
Germany, GlaxoSmithKline from the United
Kingdom, Amgen (Mustafa Nevzat), Baxter
and Pfizer from the United States, Roche and
Novartis from Switzerland, Sanofi-Aventis from
France have manufacturing operations in Turkey.
Bilim İlaç, Nobel İlaç, Sanovel, Koçak Farma,
Ali Raif İlaç are the leading pharmaceuticals
manufacturers with domestic capital. Turkish
prescribed pharmaceutical market has reached US
$ 8.1 billion and 1.78 billion units by volume in
2013, which positions Turkey as the 6th largest
pharmaceutical market in Europe.
Graph 8: Pharmaceutical Market Development (Billion Units)
Graph 9: Foreign Trade of Turkish Pharmaceutical Sector (million USD)
Graph 10: Pharmaceuticals Market - Import vs. Domestic Share
Source: Pharmaceutical Manufacturers’ Association of Turkey

26
3.7 Construction
Construction is an important sector in Turkey with
4.4% share in the GDP (2013). Also construction
materials sectors such as cement, iron, steel, glass,
ceramics etc. are very well developed and deeply
rooted within the sector. Turkish construction firms
are not only active in the country, but many of
them are engaged in different projects especially
in Middle East, Central Asia, Balkans and North
Africa. According to “Engineering News Record”
magazine 38 Turkish firms were ranked among the
top 250 international contractors in the world in
2013. Turkish contracting firms abroad generated
US $ 31.3 billion revenue in 2013.
The construction sector had grown steadily
between 1980 and 1988. With the liberalization
of the economy and the increase in interest rates,
the investment costs increased after 1988. As
a result of higher costs and lower demand, the
sector’s growth slowed. Construction sector had
grown 22.4% during the period of 1993 and
2003, which was lower than the general Turkish
economy’s growth rate: 26.1%. Investment from
the government and the financial sector was low
during this period due to high interest rates.
By 2004 the growth rate for the sector started
to rise again. The growth continued in 2006 and
between 2006 and 2013 (except 2009, the year
of crisis), sector’s growth rate has been higher
than GDP growth rate.
Table 21: Construction Sector’s Share in GDP
Yearly Change in the Construction Sector
(GDP and the Construction Sector’s Share in GDP)
Year Construction
Sector’s Share in
GDP (%)
Sector's Growth
Rate (%)
Immovable Property market is a significant part
of Turkish economy as well as the construction
sector. Turkey is an emerging market with a very
young population. Demand for housing is very
high and there is great potential in immovable
property market for local investors as well as
global investors. International Finance Corporation
estimates that Turkey needs 7 million residences
until 2015.
GDP Growth
Rate (%)
2006 4.7 24.9 6.9
2007 4.9 14.4 4.7
2008 4.7 8.9 0.7
2009 3.8 -18.1 -4.8
2010 4.2 24.9 9.2
2011 4.5 26.5 8.8
2012 4.4 7.6 2.1
2013 4.4 10.9 4.0
Source: TURKSTAT

27
During the last 4 years, global investment in
Turkish immovable property market was around 10
billion dollars. Leading global immovable property
development companies such as Trumps
Towers, Emaar Properties, Corio, Multi Corporation
of Netherland, Redevco, Acteeum invested
in Turkey. In 2013, foreign direct investment
to Turkish construction sector was US $ 210
million after a peak of US $ 1.4 billion in 2012.
On the other hand, immovable property sales to
foreigners were around US $ 2 billion in 2009 and
increased to US $ 3 billion in 2013.
Housing Development Administration of Turkey
(“TOKI”) is the public authority which provides
housing for low and middle income groups. It
is the biggest player in the sector and it works
under a special law frame. Between 2003 and
April of 2014, TOKI housing projects reached a
total of 615,682 units, 90,403 units of which
are constructed as part of the Urban Renewal
Program. As part of 2023 goals, TOKI plans to
reach a total of 1 million housing.
Turkish construction materials sector is amongst
the top three largest sectors in Turkey's exports
and it constituted 14% of all exports in 2013
with approximately US $ 22 billon export value.
The sector is not only serving to Turkey, but
it is providing materials to the surrounding
geographies of Turkey as well. Turkey was the
number one cement exporter in Europe and the
second largest in the world in 2012. Turkey also
ranked 8th in steel production as well as exports in
the world in 2012 with an annual average growth
rate of 5.8% in the last five years.
3.8 Telecommunication and Information
Technology (IT)
Turk Telekom owns the national infrastructure
and was the government monopoly on fixed line
services before 2005. 55% of it was privatized
to Saudi Oger in the same year, another 15%
was privatized to small shareholders in May
2008 and the rest belongs to the State. With the
privatization of Turk Telekom, telecom sector has
been in a significant change. There were 18.2
million subscribers by the end of 2007. It has been
falling each year and reached to 13.5 million fixed
lines by the end of 201316.
By the end of 2003, Turk Telekom’s monopoly on
fixed line voice transmission and infrastructure has
ended, however, the company still dominates the
market. In 2013, TTNet had 6.3 million broadband
subscribers and its mobile brand AVEA had 14.5
million subscribers17.
There are three GSM operators in Turkey. Turkcell
is the largest GSM operator with 35.2 million
subscribers by the end of 2013. Vodafone has
19.9 million subscribers and AVEA has 14.5 million
subscribers by the end of 2013. In 2013, there
were about 69.6 million active mobile phone
subscribers in Turkey18.
As of July 2009 Turkcell, Avea and Vodafone
launched 3G services and announced their
infrastructure partners for 3G services and
network; Vodafone selected Huawei Technologies,
Turkcell named Alcatel Lucent Technologies and
Avea contracted with Ericsson, Huwaei and ZTE.
At the end of 2013, there were 49.3 million 3G
subscribers19.
16 TUIK
17 Turk Telecom Annual Report
18 - 19 BTK

28
Turkey has a large market for IT and it is expected
to grow in a fast pace. 47.2% of the households
in Turkey have access to internet connection from
their homes. 86% of the xDSL market belongs to
Turk Telekom’s internet division TTNet20 and the
rest belongs to other companies, which use Turk
Telekom’s land/fixed lines to reach the end users.
Yet most of these companies provide service thru
their own infrastructure (other than the land lines).
There were 5.8 million broadband internet users at
the end of 2008. It increased to 32.6 million at the
end of 2013.
Major players of the software market in Turkey
are Milsoft, Havelsan, Meteksan, Logo Business
Solutions, Ayesas, Likom, Gantek Technology, Koc
System, Oracle, and Microsoft.
Major export markets for Turkish technology and
telecom companies are UK, Germany, France,
Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Iraq, Switzerland,
Turkmenistan, Libya, USA, Israel and Azerbaijan.
Table 22: Information Technology and Communication Technology Market
2012-2013 ($ billion)
Information
Technology Market
Communications
Technology Market
Total
(billion USD)
2012 9.08 21.77 30.83
2013 9.97 24.34 34.32
Source: TUBISAD - Deloitte 2013 Information Technologies and Communication Technologies
Report
20 BTK

29
3.9 Tourism
Turkey is one of the most preferred tourism
destinations in the world. Besides its abundant
archeological and historical sites, hunt tourism,
winter sports, faith tourism, thermal resorts,
congress and fair tourism, and medical tourism
attract more and more foreign visitors every year.
According to the UN World Tourism Organization,
Turkey ranks 6th in terms of tourist arrivals in 2012.
Turkey had 33.8 million visitors and US $ 25.3
billion receipts in 2013.
The Turkey Tourism Strategy 2023 shows
ambitious targets of the Turkish government to be
amongst the top 5 most preferred destinations in
the world by 2023 by attracting 50 million tourists
per year. The strategy also includes constituting
nine cultural and tourism zones, 10 tourism cities,
11 cruise ports, nine marinas and one airport.
The Strategy presupposes establishment of seven
tourism development corridors which are Thrace
Culture Corridor, the Silk Road Corridor, Faith
Tourism Corridor, Olive Corridor, Western Black Sea
Corridor, Plateau Corridor and Winter Corridor.
Antalya, a coastal province in the Mediterranean
Region receives approximately one third of all
the foreign tourists visiting Turkey, while İstanbul
and towns in the Aegean region constitute other
leading destinations for foreign visitors, who
are mainly from the European Union countries.
İstanbul was the 6th most visited city in the
world with 11.6 million international visitors
in 2013, according to Master Card Global
Destination Index 2013.
Table 23: Tourism Arrivals and Revenues
Year Tourist Arrivals Annual Change
(%)
Tourism Revenues
million $
Annual Change
(%)
2003 13,701,419 17.9% 10,141 25.4%
2004 17,202,996 25.6% 13,061 28.8%
2005 20,522,621 19.3% 15,725 20.4%
2006 19,275,948 -6.1% 13,918 -11.5%
2007 23,017,081 19.4% 15,936 14.5%
2008 26,431,124 14.8% 19,612 23.1%
2009 27,347,977 3.5% 19,063 -2.8%
2010 28,510,852 4.3% 19,110 0.2%
2011 31,324,528 9.9% 22,222 16.3%
2012 31,342,464 0.1% 22,410 0.8%
2013 33,827,474 7.9% 25,322 12.9%
Source: Ministry of Culture and Tourism, TurkStat. Indicates the number of foreign tourists and
revenue from foreign tourists.
Graph 11: Tourists by Country of Origin
12%
9%
6%
5%
4%
3%
3%
2%2%
Source: Ministry of Culture and Tourism,
TurkStat
54%
Germany
Russia
UK
Georgia
Bulgaria
Iran
Netherlands
France
US
Other

30
Tourism is one of the most advantageous sectors
for foreign investments, as Turkish Government
aims to diversify the tourism sector by providing
several incentives for the investors in the sector.
Turkey, one of the world’s leading countries
in terms of geothermal resources, strives to
improve health tourism by building new facilities
in the fields of medical and thermal tourism,
spa-wellness, and tourism for handicapped and
elderly people. Turkish Government also aims to
improve winter tourism by allocating new areas
for new winter sports facilities. Congress and fair
tourism is another priority in the tourism strategy.
İstanbul, Ankara, Antalya, İzmir, Konya, Bursa
and Mersin have been considered as the leading
provinces for congress and fair tourism.
Moreover, several projects regarding sports
tourism are on the agenda where new golf
courses are being recently constructed especially in
one of the most important tourism cities, Antalya.
İstanbul was the European Capital of Culture
during 2010 which promoted the city worldwide
and brought in numerous investment projects as
well.
The growth and spread of Turkish Airlines'
destinations supports the development of Turkish
tourism (243 cities as of the end of 2013). Turkish
Airlines had US $ 9.8 billion revenue and carried
48.2 million passengers by the end of 2013, which
represents a 19% increase in revenue and 23%
increase in the number of passengers compared to
201221.
21 Turkish Airlines Annual Report

31
4. Incentives and financing
4.1 Types of Incentives Available
The purpose of the general investment
incentive program is to; encourage, support and
orient investments, in line with international
commitments, in conformity with the objectives
of Development Plans and Annual Programs, in
order to reduce regional disparities within the
country, create new employment opportunities,
while taking advantage of advanced and
appropriate technologies with greater added value
and to realize international competitiveness and
environmental protection.
A set of incentives specifically designed to
encourage investments is available in Turkey.
Mainly, these incentives can be classified as
follows:
a) Investment incentives
b) Export - oriented incentives
c) Other tax/non-tax incentives
4.2 Investment Incentives
4.2.1 State Aids
Implementation of the incentives regime varies
depending on the location, scale, importance and
subject of the incentive. Available incentives and
incentive regimes are shown in the table below.
In order to qualify for state incentives, it is
necessary to obtain an investment incentive
certificate before the investment is initiated.
There are 4 different types of incentive regime
and different rules apply to each one. They are as
follows:
1. General Incentive Regime
2. Regional Incentive Regime
3. Large Scale Investments
4. Strategic Investments
Table 24: Investment Incentives Available By Type of Investments
Incentive General Scheme
Regional
Investments
Large Scale
Investments
Strategic
Investments
Customs Duty Exemption √ √ √ √
VAT Exemption √ √ √ √
Income Tax Reduction - √ √ √
Social Security Premium Support
(Employer’s share) - (1) √ √ √
Social Security Premium Support
(Employee’s share)(2) - √ √ √
Payroll Tax (Income withholding
Tax) Support(2) √ √ √ √
Land Allocation - √ √ √
Interest Rate Support(3) - √ - √
VAT Refund(4) - - - √
1 Available only for ship construction investments of shipyards.
2 Available provided that the investment is made in Region 6.
3 Available provided that the investment is made in Region 3,4,5,6.
4 Available for strategic investments with a minimum fixed investment amount of TL 500 Million.

32
i- Incentive Regimes
1-) General Incentive Regime:
The investments which are not in scope of large,
strategic and regional investment incentive
regimes and which are not listed in areas or
subjects that will not benefit from any incentive
can qualify for general incentive regime regardless
of in which region the investment is made if
it meets the other requirements such as fixed
investment amount and production capacity.
Generally fixed investment amount should at least
be;
• TL 1,000,000 for the investments made in
Region 1 and 2
• TL 500,000 for the investments made in Region
3, 4, 5 and 6.
Investments that cannot benefit from the
incentives are listed in Section I of the Annex 4 of
the Decree governing application of investment
incentives (Decree No.2012/3305 announced in
the Official Gazette dated 19 June 2012). Floor
production, unginned cotton processing, natural
gas fired power plants (excluding those to which
licenses have been granted by Energy Market
Regulation Authority before June 19, 2012),
policlinics, movie theatres, construction services
and residential construction are examples of such
investments stated in Section I of Annex 4.
Investments that can benefit from the incentives
subject to the conditions are determined in
Section II of the Annex 4 of the Decree. For
example, sheep and goat breeding can benefit
from the general incentive regime if the number
of sheep and goat per period is at least 1,000. The
amount of fixed investment should at least be TL
10 million for sport facilities to qualify for general
incentive regime.
For the investments to be realized through
financial leasing companies, the total amount of
machinery and equipment subject to financial
leasing for each financial leasing company should
be at least TL 200,000.
All investments over minimum fixed investment
amount stated above may benefit from customs
duty exemption and VAT exemption regardless
of the location of the investment. According to
this incentive regime, payroll tax support is only
applicable in Region 6 and social security premium
support is only applicable for ship building
investments.
2-) Regional Incentive Regime:
a) General Application:
The Council of Ministers determined specific
sectors on a regional basis to be supported by the
Treasury within the framework of the investment
incentive regime. The list and map below show
the Socio – Economic Development of Turkey
in which provinces have been grouped into six
regions with respect to their development level.
Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Region 5 Region 6
ANKARA ADANA BALIKESİR AFYON ADIYAMAN
BOZCAADA and
GÖKÇEADA
ANTALYA AYDIN BİLECİK AMASYA AKSARAY AĞRI
BURSA BOLU BURDUR ARTVİN BAYBURT ARDAHAN
ESKİŞEHİR
ÇANAKKALE
(Except
Bozcaada and
Gökçeada
Districts)
GAZİANTEP BARTIN ÇANKIRI BATMAN
İSTANBUL DENİZLİ KARABÜK ÇORUM ERZURUM BİNGÖL
İZMİR EDİRNE KARAMAN DÜZCE GİRESUN BİTLİS
KOCAELİ ISPARTA MANİSA ELAZIĞ GÜMÜŞHANE DİYARBAKIR
MUĞLA KAYSERİ MERSİN ERZİNCAN
KAHRAMAN
MARAŞ
HAKKARİ
KIRKLARELİ SAMSUN HATAY KİLİS IĞDIR
KONYA TRABZON KASTAMONU NİĞDE KARS
SAKARYA UŞAK KIRIKKALE ORDU MARDİN
TEKİRDAĞ ZONGULDAK KIRŞEHİR OSMANİYE MUŞ
YALOVA KÜTAHYA SİNOP SİİRT
MALATYA TOKAT ŞANLIURFA
NEVŞEHİR TUNCELİ ŞIRNAK
RİZE YOZGAT VAN
SİVAS
Table 25: Provinces per Regions

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Regions
1
2
3
4
5
6
Regions
Types of investments which will benefit from incentives in these six regions have also been identified by
the Council of Ministers through Decree No. 2012/3305 dated 19 June 2012. A small part of the list is
presented below.
Supported Sectors According to Regions (With US 97 National Business and Product Classification Codes)
(Only a small part of the list is provided to give an idea)
Minimum Investment Amounts and Capacities
Sector
Code
US-97 Code
of The Sector
Sectors Eligible for Regional
Support Measures Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Region 5 Region 6
7 1911
Tanning and processing of leather
(only investments to be realized in
İstanbul Leather specialized zone
OIZ and Tuzla OIZ)
TL 1 Million - - - - -
14 2423
Pharmaceuticals/production of
chemical and herbal raw products
used in medicine and pharmacy
TL 4 Million TL 3 Million TL 2 Million TL 1 Million TL 1 Million TL 500
Thousands
31 2929 Industrial mould TL 4 Million TL 3 Million TL 2 Million TL 1 Million TL 1 Million TL 500
Thousands
32 30
Office, accounting and
data processing equipment
manufacturing
TL 4 Million TL 3 Million TL 2 Million TL 1 Million TL 1 Million TL 500
Thousands
35 33
Medical instruments, high precision
and optical instrument manufacture
TL 1 Million TL 1 Million TL 500
Thousands
TL 500
Thousands
TL 500
Thousands
TL 500
Thousands
42 5510.3.01 Dormitories 100
students
100
students
100
students
100
students
100
students
TL 500
Thousands
Source: New Incentive System, State aids in Investments, April 6 2012, Ministry of Economics
1
2
3
4
5
6
Graph 12: Socio-Economic Development Map
Table 26: Supported Sectors According to Regions